Juveniles in the Adult Justice System free essay sample

It is regularly found in the media nowadays more adolescents are perpetrating genuine violations. Much more regularly now, we see these young people attempted and rebuffed as grown-ups. Many are against this training, however it is really a keen choice. Customarily the juvenile can redress themselves, as found on account of Greg Ousley. A young person who is fit for executing ghastly wrongdoings ought to have the option to deal with, and be considered responsible for, the discipline that joins them. Despite the fact that these young people may not be totally full grown at the hour of the wrongdoing, they are intellectually, inwardly, and truly fit for settling on grown-up choices and thus merit grown-up outcomes. With a considerable lot of these cases, wherein an adolescent accomplishes something awful, for example, murder, it's anything but an error or failure to comprehend the issues at hand. It appears kids indicted for these violations want to submit them. We will compose a custom article test on Adolescents in the Adult Justice System or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On account of a young person killing a lady and her better half in Chicago, Jenkins says, â€Å"†¦ he simply needed to ‘see what it might feel want to shoot someone’† (2). This was not an absence of drive control. This was not a mishap. This was an arranged homicide, sketched out and executed by a youngster. Adolescents are equipped for considering and carrying out such wrongdoings †they ought to be fit for managing the results. Those against giving youngsters these sentences utilize the way that their cerebrums are not completely evolved. This can without a doubt lead to flighty conduct and motivation choices, yet it doesn't mean the kid can no longer translate the contrast among good and bad. In his article, â€Å"Startling Finds on Teenage Brains,† Paul Thompson composes, â€Å"While inquire about on mind tissue misfortune can assist us with understanding youngsters better, it can't be utilized to pardon their savage or murderous behavior† (11). There will consistently be youngsters who search out wrongdoing. This doesn't depend fair and square of mental health, in light of the fact that â€Å"If mental health were the explanation, at that point adolescents would murder at generally similar rates everywhere throughout the world. They do not† (Jenkins, 6). Wrongdoing is a decision, and the individuals who settle on this decision should confront proficient discipline paying little heed to their age. In spite of the way that adolescent personalities may not be completely evolved at the hour of the wrongdoing, this doesn't mean they ought not be considered responsible for their activities. There is additionally still a chance of adolescents accepting a sentence change. On account of Greg Ousley, the jail sentence gave him an opportunity to consider why he executed his folks. He made objectives for himself and buckled down enough that his investigator â€Å"agreed to permit the adjustment procedure to push ahead, gave that none of the victims’ next of kin†¦ objected† (Anderson). This permits them the likelihood to get out ahead of schedule, yet just in the event that they demonstrate they are meriting. Along these lines, the individuals who try sincerely and demonstrate they have changed can be discharged into the world, while the individuals who are still prone to carry out wrongdoings remain in a spot where they can't. The young people who needed an existence of wrongdoing get the discipline they merit, however there is as yet the chance of transformation. Now and again, adolescents commit errors. In any case, there are some who purposely plan out and carry out violations since they appreciate it. Grown-up discipline ought to be a possibility for adolescents who act along these lines. Adolescent discipline isn't sufficient to change these characters; they would be discharged into the world with the possibility of perpetrating wrongdoing once more. In the expressions of James Q. Wilson, â€Å"Some people will avoid wrongdoing regardless of whether we don't do anything to stop them, while others will search it out regardless of whether we do everything to change them. Evil individuals exist. Nothing profits but to separate them from honest people† (Jenkins, 1). Keeping the chance of grown-up discipline open is about the main thing we can do.

Keynesian Economics

Keynesian financial matters is the view that in the short run, particularly during downturns, monetary yield is firmly impacted by total interest . In the Keynesian view, total interest doesn't really rise to the beneficial limit of the economy; rather, it is impacted by a large group of elements and here and there carries on sporadically, influencing creation, work, and swelling The hypotheses framing the premise of Keynesian financial aspects were first introduced by the British market analyst John Maynard Keynes in his book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, distributed in 1936, during the Great Depression.Keynes differentiated his way to deal with the total gracefully engaged ‘classical' financial matters that went before his book. The understandings of Keynes that followed are hostile and a few schools of financial idea guarantee his heritage. Keynesian financial analysts frequently contend that private segment choices once in a while lead to wasteful m acroeconomic results which require dynamic arrangement reactions by the open division, specifically, money related approach activities by the national bank and monetary strategy activities by the legislature, so as to balance out yield over the business cycle.Keynesian financial matters advocates a blended economy †transcendently private area, however with a job for government mediation during downturns. Keynesian financial matters filled in as the standard monetary model in the created countries during the later piece of the Great Depression, World War II, and the post-war financial extension (1945â€1973), however it lost some impact following the oil stun and coming about stagflation of the 1970s. The approach of the worldwide money related emergency in 2008 has caused a resurgence in Keynesian idea. OverviewPrior to the distribution of Keynes' General Theory, standard monetary idea was that the economy existed in a condition of general balance, implying that the economy n ormally expends whatever it produces on the grounds that the requirements of buyers are constantly more prominent than the limit of the economy to fulfill those necessities. This discernment is reflected in Say's Law and in the composition of David Ricardo which is that people produce with the goal that they can either expend what they have made or sell their yield so they can purchase another person's output.This recognition settles upon the suspicion that if an excess of merchandise or administrations exists, they would normally drop in cost to where they would be devoured. Keynes' hypothesis was critical in light of the fact that it upset the standard idea of the time and achieved a more noteworthy mindfulness that issues, for example, joblessness are not a result of apathy, however the aftereffect of a basic deficiency in the monetary framework. He contended that in light of the fact that there was no assurance that the merchandise that people produce would be satisfied with nee d, joblessness was a characteristic consequence.He considered the to be as unfit to keep up itself at full business and accepted that it was vital for the administration to step in and set under-used reserve funds to work through government spending. Subsequently, as indicated by Keynesian hypothesis, some separately sane microeconomic-level activities, for example, not putting investment funds in the merchandise and enterprises created by the economy, whenever taken by and large by an enormous extent of people and firms, can prompt results wherein the economy works beneath its latent capacity yield and development rate.Prior to Keynes, a circumstance wherein total interest for products and ventures didn't meet gracefully was alluded to by old style market analysts as a general overabundance, in spite of the fact that there was difference among them with regards to whether a general excess was conceivable. Keynes contended that when an excess happened, it was the over-response of ma kers and the laying off of laborers that prompted a fall sought after and sustained the issue. Keynesians along these lines advocate a functioning adjustment approach to decrease the adequacy of the business cycle, which they rank among the most genuine of monetary problems.According to the hypothesis, government spending can be utilized to expand total interest, in this way expanding financial movement, lessening joblessness and emptying. Hypothesis Keynes contended that the answer for the Great Depression was to invigorate the economy (â€Å"inducement to invest†) through a blend of two methodologies: 1. A decrease in financing costs (money related strategy), and 2. Government interest in foundation (monetary approach). By diminishing the financing cost at which the national bank loans cash to business banks, the legislature imparts a sign to business banks that they ought to do likewise for their customers.Investment by government in framework infuses salary into the econo my by making business opportunity, work and request and switching the impacts of the previously mentioned unevenness. Governments source the financing for this consumption by getting assets from the economy through the issue of government bonds, and on the grounds that administration spending surpasses the measure of assessment pay that the legislature gets, this makes a monetary deficiency. A focal finish of Keynesian financial aspects is that, in certain circumstances, no solid programmed instrument moves yield and work towards full business levels.This end clashes with monetary methodologies that accept a solid general inclination towards balance. In the ‘neoclassical amalgamation', which consolidates Keynesian full scale ideas with a miniaturized scale establishment, the states of general balance consider value change in accordance with in the end accomplish this objective. All the more extensively, Keynes considered his to be as a general hypothesis, in which use of asset s could be high or low, though past financial aspects concentrated on the specific instance of full utilization.The new old style macroeconomics development, which started in the late 1960s and mid 1970s, condemned Keynesian speculations, while New Keynesian financial matters has tried to put together Keynes' thoughts with respect to increasingly thorough hypothetical establishments. A few understandings of Keynes have underscored his weight on the global coordination of Keynesian strategies, the requirement for universal financial establishments, and the manners by which monetary powers could prompt war or could advance harmony. Idea Wages and spending During the Great Depression, the traditional hypothesis credited mass joblessness to high and unbending genuine wages.To Keynes, the assurance of wages is progressively confused. To start with, he contended that it isn't genuine however ostensible wages that are set in exchanges among businesses and laborers, rather than a bargain re lationship. Second, ostensible compensation slices would be hard to place into impact on account of laws and pay contracts. Indeed, even old style financial experts conceded that these exist; in contrast to Keynes, they pushed canceling least wages, associations, and long haul contracts, expanding work showcase adaptability. In any case, to Keynes, individuals will oppose ostensible pay decreases, even without associations, until they see different wages falling and a general fall of prices.Keynes dismissed that cutting wages would fix downturns. He analyzed the clarifications for this thought and discovered them all broken. He additionally thought about the most probable results of cutting wages in downturns, under different various conditions. He presumed that such pay slicing would be bound to aggravate downturns as opposed to better. Further, if wages and costs were falling, individuals would begin to anticipate that them should fall. This could make the economy winding descendi ng as the individuals who had cash would basically hold up as falling costs made it increasingly significant †as opposed to spending.As Irving Fisher contended in 1933, in his Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions, flattening (falling costs) can make a downturn more profound as falling costs and wages made prior ostensible obligations progressively important in genuine terms. Extreme sparing To Keynes, over the top sparing, I. e. sparing past arranged speculation, was a significant issue, empowering downturn or even gloom. Unreasonable sparing outcomes if venture falls, maybe because of falling shopper request, over-interest in prior years, or skeptical business desires, and if sparing doesn't promptly fall in sync, the economy would decline.The old style market analysts contended that financing costs would fall because of the overabundance gracefully of â€Å"loanable funds†. The principal chart, adjusted from the main diagram in The General Theory, shows this proc edure. (For effortlessness, different wellsprings of the interest for or flexibly of assets are disregarded here. ) Assume that fixed interest in capital products tumbles from â€Å"old I† to â€Å"new I† (stage a). Second (step b), the subsequent abundance of sparing causes loan fee cuts, abrogating the overabundance gracefully: so again we have sparing (S) equivalent to venture. The financing cost (I) fall forestalls that of creation and employment.Keynes had an unpredictable contention against this free enterprise reaction. The diagram beneath sums up his contention, expecting again that fixed venture falls (stage A). Initially, sparing doesn't fall much as financing costs fall, since the pay and replacement effectsof falling rates go in clashing ways. Second, since arranged fixed interest in plant and gear depends for the most part on long haul desires for future productivity, that spending doesn't rise much as financing costs fall. So S and I are drawn as steep (i nelastic) in the graph.Given the inelasticity of both interest and gracefully, a huge loan fee fall is expected to close the sparing/venture hole. As drawn, this requires a negative loan cost at balance (where the new I line would meet the old S line). In any case, this negative loan fee isn't important to Keynes' contention. Third, Keynes contended that sparing and speculation are not the principle determinants of loan fees, particularly in the short run. Rather, the flexibly of and the interest for the load of cash decide financing costs in the short run. (This isn't attracted the graph.)Neither changes rapidly because of over the top sparing to allo

Anxiety Medications Used for Bipolar Disorder

Anxiety Medications Used for Bipolar Disorder In This Article Table of Contents Expand Benzodiazepines Antidepressants Buspar (Buspirone) Non-Medicinal Therapies Research has found that anxiety is common in people with bipolar disorder,?? with more than half of people experiencing one or more anxiety disorders. Other people may not have enough anxiety symptoms to be formally diagnosed with an anxiety disorder but still need medication to manage their symptoms. Anxiousness, worry, agitation, and insomnia, for example, are often experienced during bipolar depression and mixed episodes. Anxiety symptoms such as restlessness, worry and irritability may occur during mania and hypomania. Thus, its common for bipolar people to have anti-anxiety medications prescribed. Anxiety medications, also called anti-anxiety medications or anxiolytics, are prescribed for anxiety disorders as well as for people who have anxiety along with bipolar disorder or major depression. Anxiety medications help to make people less anxious and also help to ease restlessness and worrying. Many of these medications also help people to sleep better. Lets take a look at the different categories of medications which are used to treat anxiety and how they may be used for people with bipolar disorder. Benzodiazepines Most of the anti-anxiety medications that are primarily intended to treat anxiety are called benzodiazepines. Many of these anxiety medications are also prescribed for other conditions as well such as: AgitationInsomniaChemotherapy-induced nausea and vomitingAlcohol withdrawalSeizures Some of these medications are used primarily for their sedative effects, either to help with insomnia  or as relaxation medications prior to surgery. Benzodiazepine medications include: Valium (diazepam)Ativan (lorazepam)Klonopin (clonazepam)Serax (oxazepam)Librium (chlordiazepoxide)Xanax (alprazolam)Halcion (triazolam)Restoril (temazepam) Side effects of benzodiazepines are numerous, but of most concern is the issue of dependence. Antidepressants Many antidepressant medications have been found to have a beneficial effect on anxiety, and unlike benzodiazepines, do not carry the same types of risks for dependence, abuse, and overdose. For this reason, these drugs are often the mainstay of treatment of anxiety of any form. Drugs from different classes of antidepressants are commonly used, including: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Some of the drugs in this category are mentioned below along with some of the indications. All of these may be considered for treatment of anxiety depending on your particular symptoms. Paxil (paroxetine): Paxil has many uses, including major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Zoloft (sertraline): Zoloft is approved for the treatment of a number of disorders including major depressive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder.Prozac (fluoxetine): Prozac is approved for treating depression, OCD, and panic disorder.Luvox (fluvoxamine): Luvox is commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Drugs that inhibit the reuptake of both the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine may also be used to treat anxiety. SNRIs include: Cymbalta (duloxetine)Effexor (venlafaxine)Pristiq (desvenlafaxine) Tricyclic Antidepressants The older tricyclic antidepressants are used less often for the treatment of anxiety with bipolar disorder but may be helpful in certain circumstances. Buspar (Buspirone) Buspar (buspirone) is unrelated to the medications above but may be helpful for anxiety with bipolar disorder, especially when combined with an antidepressant. While this medication generally has few side effects, there are some reports of mania on this drug, especially when combined with other medications. Non-Medicinal Therapies There are several other ways to approach the treatment of anxiety in addition to medications, and, in fact, a combination of treatments is most often the best approach. Other treatments may include: Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT); CBT is actually considered one of the most effective treatments for anxiety.??Coping and relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing. Keep in mind that all anxiety is not bad, and anxiety or eustress (good stress) actually motivates people to be all they can be.   The Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell If a person with bipolar disorder also has one or more anxiety disorders, its likely that an appropriate anti-anxiety medication will be prescribed. Any of the above medications may be prescribed for someone with bipolar disorder who also suffers from anxiety, even if the anxiety is not from an actual anxiety disorder. Normal Anxiety vs. An Anxiety Disorder

Diverse Racial Experience - 1271 Words

The chapter by Ruth Frankenberg entitled, Introduction: Points of Origin, Points of Departure, argues that the way one is perceived in society drastically changes their experience and advantage over others. Therefore, white women are often distinguished by their whiteness which gives them a more diverse racial experience (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 1). With being white comes various additional components that set it apart from the other raced women of the world. Moreover, being a white woman automatically links them to a more favourable position of superiority in the way that they are often identified. This means that they get certain benefits by being white, as colonialism positioned them to have a large portion of control and authority†¦show more content†¦There is a denial in the observations that there is one specific dominating male gender. There is also an abundance of only white women`s experiences by this masculine hegemon. After women realized that the world view did no t only have to be seen on a male standpoint the world started to shift views (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 8). Women of colour now want to focus on a standpoint from a radicalized point of view in order to stop racism. Moreover, since white people are the oppressors they cannot see how their situation is reinforcing racism. People of colour are the oppressed and know exactly how they are underprivileged. Subsequently, women of colour were the first to see how gender, race and class forms a persons experience in life (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 8). White women did not see their race as something that was constructed. They did not see themselves as racialized because they were coming from a position of privilege. This position for a white person was normalized throughout American history. Therefore, in order to deconstruct race white women have to admit it is something that affects them (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 11). Race is in a fluid motion and changes constantly with society because it is an economic and political construct. Historically, the white dominance was vindicated because of false biological account that white people were superior (Frankenberg, 1993,Show MoreRelatedDiversity And Diversity Of Diversity923 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity is engagement across racial and ethnic lines consist of a broad and varied set of activities and initiative (Milem, Chang, and Antonio 2005). Diversity is about recognizing that each individual is unique and have differences. These differences include the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs or other ideologies. Diversity is meant to bring respect, understanding, and tolerance, acceptingRead MoreMartin Luther King And Rosa Parks : Achieving Racial Equality Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesLuther King and Rosa Parks in achieving racial equality, the presence of racism in American society continues to cause turmoil between white and minority individuals, which invokes an essential question: despite living in a modern and progressive society, why has racial equality not been truly achieved yet? Unfortunately, the long-lasting presence of racial injustice has prevented our society from attaining full acceptance of diverse beliefs and eradication of racial segregation, which still exists todayRead MoreRacial, Ethnic And Economic Isolation Through Curriculum Based Programming Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe most common effort to reduce racial, ethnic and economic isolation through curriculum-based programming involved efforts to promote tolerance and respect. Twenty-nine hyper-segregated elementary schools described character development programming designed to eliminate bullying and mean behavior. The following excerpt from the narrative provided by Farmingville Elementary School in Ridgefield, Connecticut is a representative sample of this type of programming: Farmingville students participateRead MoreRacial Diversity: A Strategy Toward Success Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesRacial diversity is the idea of having people of different backgrounds working together for one common foundation. While some may believe that racial diversity is a way to discriminate people but I think that racial diversity helps us in many ways, some are observable and some are imperceptible. I think that racial diversity is a good strategy, it also is a great way to learn about people of diverse cultures and how their principles can operate within one another. The most commonly ignored or unnoticedRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On The Media Influences Viewers1587 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Bias in the Media Influences Viewers Television reaches more consumers for more time than any other source of media. Its use for entertainment or news is overly influential, persuasive, and authoritative. Through these characteristics, any type of information or message influences its massive audience. Because of this, what Americans see – or fail to see- has a powerful impact on how they view other races. Young children are especially vulnerable to the information they are exposed to. TVRead MoreMulticultural Education Is A Method For Instruction That Values Diversity Within The Classroom1227 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States diversity will become progressively more reflected in our schools. In our school, students are becoming increasingly diverse, by assisting pupils to attaining knowledge, attitudes they need in order to become active citizens within our society. Teaching a group of diverse students from different backgrounds, ethnic, and other cultural groups in a school environment that supports di versity within a classroom setting incorporate teaching. More importantly, it is important thatRead MoreHow Cultural Diversity Is Changing The Workforce. In Today’S1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmany culturally diverse people in the workforce. Most organizations can no longer make the assumption that every employee has similar beliefs or expectations. When entering into the global marketplace, people are considered one of the most valuable resources to an organization’s success. A well-managed culturally diverse workforce has the potential to thrive if managed correctly; or if mismanaged, there can be devastating negative attributes. With great expectations, culturally diverse employees canRead MoreStructural Diversity Within A Community859 Words   |  4 PagesStructural diversity is defined as the holistic diverse demographics of a community, in this case, as it pertains to collegiate institutions. From this, we can examine the racial disparities amongst the academic co mmunity. It has been proposed that for many different ethnic communities the implementation of structural diversity has influenced each community in a different way. The influence of structural diversity serves different purposes for European Americans as it does to African Americans, AsianRead MoreAffirmative Action For College Admissions990 Words   |  4 Pagesaction, admissions officers at the University of Michigan should consider race as a factor along with the other life experiences of an applicant. In the amicus brief, social scientists of the American Sociological Association et al. argue three main points in support of the university’s affirmative action policy. Firstly, they assert that race greatly shapes the life experiences of black, Latino, and Native American students. The impact of race on their lives affects their learning and puts themRead More The Ineffectiveness of Affirmative Action in Establishing Diversity1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there are educational benefits that flow from an ethnically diverse student body and that few students...would choose to study in an academic vacuum, removed from the interplay of ideas and the exchange of views (qtd. in Drehle A11). Powell believed that racially diverse students contributed new perspectives and ideas to universities. These new perspectives and ideas enrich the learning environment for all students. Racial diversity thus is a positive goal for colleges and universities. Unfortunately

Military And Political Tension During The Cold War

Cold War is the name given to military and political tension during 1947-1991, between the two countries that emerged as the world super powers at the end of the World War II, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Quite a few events took place during the cold war that shape the country and its foreign policies during the cold war and a few years after it. Some of the events or policies that took place in the 1950’s pertaining to the cold war are: The Warsaw pact, the invention of U2 spy planes, Truman signing the Mutual Security Act, the construction of a nationwide of highway network system, Fidel Castro comes into power and many more. The first Lockheed U2 to took flight in 1955. These were used to fly over countries like the Soviet Union, China, Vietnam and Cuba during the cold war. These planes were capable of taking detailed photos of the ground from as high as 70,000 feet. One of these was shot down in the 1960 by the USSR. This was an event of great embarra ssment for Eisenhower and his administration. Eisenhower had first claimed it to be a weather plane that might have veered off course, but Khrushchev produced the U2 plane which was mostly intact and had captured the pilot, who had not taken his poison pill as expected by the CIA, historian Vince Houghton explains. This led to great hostility between the two nations. As of today, the US still flies about 50 U2s. Another development from the 1950s is the national highway system. Eisenhower had signedShow MoreRelatedKorean War a Proxy War?1468 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent can the Korean War be regarded as a Cold War proxy war?   The Cold War was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II between the Communist World – primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies – and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States and its allies. 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During the war, the US sought to strictly limit the spread of communism through containment, an idea formulated by US diplomat George Kennan, which became the basis of Harry Truman’s foreign policy. The containment policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet UnionRead More The World During The Cold War Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences found between the world during the Cold War and the present in terms of security challenges and issues faced by states when investigating the fine details of documents and actions but when retrospective on overall effect and our current global situation there are significant similarities can be found. The security and protection of the state has fundamental always been a priority of importance for any government or organisation since the unforeseen end to the Cold War between Soviet Russia andRead More Cold War Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pages THE COLD WAR The Cold War was the longated tension between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. It started in the mid 40’s after WWII had left Europe in shambles and Russia and the USA in superpower positions. The Cold War was a clash of these supergiants in political, ideological, military, and economic values and ideas. Though military build up was great on both sides neither one ever directly fought each other. In this essay I’m going to bring forth the following points: RiseRead MoreThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization1424 Words   |  6 Pagesit’s influence into our political lives today and the political lives of people during the Cold War. 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The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1173 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, as the alliance between America and the USSR dissolved after the second World War, the relationship between both superpowers began to fluctuate as they competed to spread their varying ideologies. This unique time period became known as the Cold War, a conflict unique as it was not fought with normal methods of warfare. In fact, it was not fought with weapons at all. To fully understand this unconventional war, it is important to understand the background to the hostile relationship between theRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was a state of political rivalry and tension existing between the Soviet Union and Western allies. This war is categorized by distrust, espionage, the storing of weapons, and a race to develop technologies. The struggle for global supremacy lasted for more than forty years. Cold War was the name given to the relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States that was developed after World War 2. The Cold War existed to manage international affairs for many years. Many big crisesRead MoreThe Invention Of The World War II1367 Words   |  6 Pageshistory, war has been both a cause and a means of solving political conflict (Military Technology). The technology used in a war determines the strategies, methods, and almost every other aspect of the war (Military Technology). There have been many pivotal points in warfare driven by advancements in technology. For instance, the invention of gunpowder eventually led to the creation of many new weapons which called for changes in the way battles were fought. Nuclear weapons ended World War II and caused

Sustainable Sanitation And Water Management Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

A determination support tool chest for practicians on the local degree Compiled by Juri Lienert, adapted from Moriarty et al 2007: The EMPOWERS Approach to Water Governance: Guidelines, Methods and Tools. Moriaty et al 2007: The EMPOWERS Approach to Water Governance: Background and Key Concepts. Executive Summary EMPOWERS is a regional plan chiefly funded by the European Commission ‘s MEDA ( Mediterranean Regional Programme for Local Water Management ) Water Programme, working in Egypt, Jordan and West Bank and Gaza. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Sanitation And Water Management Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The EMPOWERS Partnership aspiration is to better long-run entree and rights to H2O by vulnerable populations. It is making this through a participatory H2O planning and direction procedure with all stakeholders. The EMPOWERS attack aims to better H2O administration at the local degree of H2O users ( communities ) and at the intermediate degree of decentralized H2O directors and service suppliers in territories and governorates. The Guideline provided by EMPOWERS constitutes a practical and logical model of activities based on the engagement of those who use and manage H2O, which leads toward improved local H2O administration, and the development and execution of incorporate H2O development programs for towns, territories and small towns. Furthermore, the guideline advocate a coaction through duologue, to convey about a alteration in a manner that H2O direction professionals and H2O users work with each other ( Moriarty et al. 2007 ) . What is Water Administration In peculiar, there has been a deficiency of practical tools and attacks to undertake H2O related jobs, particularly at the local and intermediate degrees where H2O service suppliers and H2O users interact. This is the challenge of H2O administration. At its simplest, H2O administration refers to the full set of systems that control determination doing with respect to H2O resource development and direction. In the linguistic communication of the Global Water Partnership ( GWP ) , H2O administration â€Å" relates to the scope of political, societal, economic and administrative systems that are in topographic point to develop and pull off H2O resources and the bringing of H2O services at different degrees of society † ( Rogers and Hall, 2003 ) . Apart from that, the apprehension of Water Governance of EMPOWERS particularly respects H2O related issues at the local degree. Thereby, EMPOWERS differs in their attack basically from a traditional apprehension of Water Management and Governance as a political matter. The EMPOWERS Guidelines The guidelines are divided into 5 chapters: Chapter 1 trades with improved H2O administration ( see above ) . It explains the operation of H2O administration and why it is of import to see local and intermediate H2O administration in the planning procedure. Furthermore the four chief properties of H2O administration are explained. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the attack of EMPOWERS, which was used to plan the guidelines. A model is provided to help the stakeholders to come to practical end products in the signifier of H2O development schemes, programs and activities and to improved communicating and determination devising. The attack is based on two pillars: the first is a procedure of stakeholder duologue and concerted action ( SDCA ) . Well informed stakeholders who communicate with each other on a regular footing will happen locally appropriate solutions to pressing H2O related jobs. Therefore the purpose is to beef up communicating and do stakeholder duologues more effectual. This can be realised through the designation of the cardinal stakeholders and whose engagement in a stakeholder platform. The 2nd pillar of the attack regards the direction rhythm itself, which contains of six stages, viz. visioning, measuring, strategising, planning, implementing and reflecting. The logic and sequencing of the rhyt hm aid to guarantee that determinations are based on a clear and logical flow of idea and action. Further inside informations of the direction rhythm can be seen in table 2. Chapter 3 trades with the debut to facilitation and capacity development. The development of capacity among stakeholders, in add-on to stakeholder duologue and the direction rhythm, is indispensable for the success of improved H2O administration. To procure a capacity development, stakeholders need to be advised in a first stage by a facilitation squad. The facilitation squad is in charge to maintain the stakeholders and their undertakings â€Å" on path † . The squad will be dwelling of experts with different backgrounds and accomplishments. Chapter 4 takes a closer expression to the direction rhythm, shown in table 2. The six stages are described in item and counsel for execution is provided, including a list of different tools and methods for each measure. In Chapter 5, these tools and methods can be found and explained in item. For every of the six stages recommended tools are presented, including aims of each stage, methods to make these aims and tipps and fast ones to ease the procedure. Applicability The focal point of the EMPOWERS attack is on participatory H2O administration at local ( community or small town ) and intermediate ( territory or governorate ) degree. The EMPOWERS Approach is chiefly used in the in-between E ; nevertheless construct can be applied in every state worldwide. The guideline of EMPOWERS has been tested within small towns and towns in Egypt, Jordan and Palestine with a population runing from a few 1000s to 30.00 dwellers. Yet it has non been tested in larger metropoliss or parts, nevertheless there is no ground that the attack would non be suited on a larger graduated table. The guideline is chiefly designed for usage in procedures of planning and duologue within and between local and intermediate degrees that is for undertakings affecting more than one small town or town. However, elements of the attack are appropriate for usage in stand-alone activities within a individual municipality. Advantages The attack focuses on the local and intermediate degree – in the field of incorporate H2O direction, such an attack of H2O administration can efficaciously associate up different degrees of H2O direction and can therefore near the spread of losing attacks for local and intermediate H2O direction. It is possible for little scale communities to be active in H2O direction. The attack addresses particularly stakeholders and their concerns to confront H2O related issues. A nucleus belief of the attack concerns the importance of cooperation and communicating at all degrees of involved stakeholders -this implies the coordination and cooperation of conjunct actions between communities, small towns, towns and governorates. The direction guidelines provide a really elaborate subdivision about methods and tools how to affect stakeholders and how to implement H2O direction programs. Single tools and methods can be used independently apart from a complete procedure of H2O administration sing all stages. Disadvantages The demand for a facilitation squad makes the procedure of H2O administration comparatively cost intensive. Due to the focal point on cooperation and stakeholder duologue, it can be hard to happen equal solutions with other stakeholder groups as a neighbour small town. Therefore actions should be approached on a larger graduated table than community degree. This leads to the demand of a higher fiscal capacity and a higher organizational demand. How to cite Sustainable Sanitation And Water Management Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Marketing Mcqs free essay sample

In Toronto, Black and Decker has granted nine distributors the rights to carry its products. It hopes customers will seek out the Black and Decker products. Black and Decker uses which of the following type of distribution? Answercentralized exclusive demand-pull selective 1 points Question 2 Managers typically follow five steps in the decision-making process. Which of the following steps is first? AnswerEvaluate the strengths and weaknesses of potential decisions. Gather information. Recognize or define the problem or opportunity. Establish a budget. 1 points Question 3 According to which of the following should a firm first identify consumer needs and then produce the goods and services that will satisfy them? Answerthe total exchange concept the market mission statement the marketing concept the sales concept 1 points Question 4 The CBC is experiencing poorer ratings during the new fall season than anticipated because of the decreasing number of younger people. Many experts in the entertainment industry believe that the audience for programming on the CBC network is people over the age of 55 in spite of claims by executives that its programming is designed to reach a younger, less conservative audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mcqs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which of the following statements correctly describes this situation? AnswerCBC does not have a target market. The target market for CBC is people over the age of 55. CBC does not need a target market because other television networks succeed without one. CBC is efficiently reaching its self-defined target market 1 points Question 5 Which of the following is an expense item for an independent bookstore? Answerorder forms the building in which store is located book shelves display cabinet for first editions 1 points Question 6 What is the relatively small group of managers at the head of an organization that establishes overall strategy and long-range goals? Answerfunctional management supervisory management top management middle management 1 points Question 7 Gillette decided to plant a tiny computer chip in its products’ packages to attempt to revolutionize how its inventory was managed. Which of the following management functions would be used to achieve its goal of greater efficiency? Answercontrolling staffing organizing planning 1 points Question 8 A person who works as a sales representative for a manufacturer or wholesaler and gets paid a commission on any sales is known as which of the following? Answermerchant wholesaler broker agent merchandiser 1 points Question 9 Which of the following is an example of an individual factor that influences the consumer decision-making process? Answerpersonality neighbourhood opinion leaders family 1 points Question 10 What is a basic form of market segmentation that uses variables such as age, education, and income? Answerbenefit segmentation demographic segmentation population segmentation psychographic segmentation

The Three Rats Essay Example

The Three Rats Essay Example The Three Rats Paper The Three Rats Paper Candida is Morells wife and mother of their two young children. Shaw explains that she possesses the double charm of youth and motherhood. Her ways are those of a woman who has found that she can always manage people by engaging their affection, and who does so frankly and instinctively without the smallest scruple. She deeply loves her husband Morell, but is quite taken with Eugene Marchbanks naive, poetic nature. This comes of James teaching me to think for myself, and never to hold back out of fear of what other people may think of me. The Reverend James Mavor Morell Morell is a mature man, well-established in life, and husband to Candida. He is a Christian Socialist and clergyman of the Church of England. Shaw describes him as a vigorous, genial, popular man of forty, robust and good-looking, full of energy, with pleasant, hearty, considerate manners, and a sound unaffected voice, which he uses with the clean athletic articulation of a practiced orator, and with a wide range and perfect command of expression. These people forget I am a man: they think I am a talking machine to be turned on for their pleasure every evening of my life. Eugene Marchbanks Shaw states that he is a strange, shy youth of eighteen, slight, effeminate, with a delicate childish voice, and a hunted and tormented expression and shrinking manner that shew the painful sensitive of very swift and acute apprehensivenes s in youth. This young poet is madly in love with Candida, an affliction that torments him throughout the play. We all go about longing for love: it is the first need of our natures, the first prayer of our hearts; but we dare not utter our longing: we are too shy. Mr. Burgess Shaw states that Candidas father has been made coarse and sordid by the compulsory selfishness of petty commerce, and later on softened into sluggish bumptiousness by overfeeding and commercial success. He is a vulgar ignorant guzzling man. Burgess is a businessman always eeping an eye out for his own advancement. When I pay a man, an is livin depends on me, I keep him in is place. The Reverend Alexander Lexy Mill Lexy is a young curate chosen by Morell as his assistant. He is a well-intentioned, enthusiastic novice. He idolizes Morell, and tries to be just like him, and although he isnt very successful at it, he has won Morell over by his doglike devotion. I try to follow his example, not to imitate him . Miss Proserpine Prossy Garnett Shaw tells us that she is a brisk little woman of about 30, of the lower middle class notably pert and quick of speech, and not very civil in her manner, but sensitive and affectionate. She is secretly in love with Morell, and jealous of how he constantly gushes over Candida. Its enough to drive anyone out of their senses to hear a woman raved about in that absurd manner merely because shes got good hair, and a tolerable figure.

How to Find Time to Exercise in College

How to Find Time to Exercise in College Finding time to exercise in college can be a challenge for even the most diligent of students. At the same time, however, being physically active can be an important part of staying healthy during your time in school. So how can you find the time and energy to make sure you exercise in college? Go to class in your gym clothes. Keep it appropriate for class, of course, but if youre already in comfy shoes, running shorts/pants, and a t-shirt, youll be much more likely to pop into the gym after class.Walk to class the long way. Sure, you could take the campus shuttle, catch a ride with a friend, or cut through that creepy grove of trees behind the library, but taking the long way to class is a great way to sneak in a 20-minute workout during an otherwise busy day.Bike to class. You dont have to treat your rides like they to have it be productive. But riding your bike to and from class is a good way to get a little exercise in and help the environment, too.Hit the gym between classes. You know that hour you usually use to chat with friends, grab a coffee, and generally just mosey around? Mosey to the gym, catch up with your friends while on the treadmills, and grab a coffee en route to your next class. Youll still get your regular between-class activities in while also sneakin g in a quick workout. Exercise with a friend. One of the best tricks for making sure you get your workout in is to do it with a friend at the gym, in a pick-up game, playing touch football. No matter what you do, you can hold each other accountable, motivate each other, and make the time go quickly once you do start your workouts.Do your homework at the gym. Have some less-than-exciting reading you just need to get through? Set yourself up on a bike at the gym, put in some headphones, and get through your reading while also getting through your workout.Sign up for an exercise class and treat it like an academic class. Sign up for a yoga or other exercise class and treat it just like a real class. Make sure you show up every week and do what youre required to do each session. Added bonus: A scheduled class means you dont always have to feel like you should be going to the gym, since you know youll be going every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 3:30.Sign up for an exercise class that is a real class. Many universities offer exercise classes that you can get credit for. True, they may be harder than your normal whenever-I-feel-like-it workouts, but they may make you more likely to work out. Make a reward system. Consider setting something up, like a Google shared a calendar or even something you hang up in your room, where your friend and you keep track of your workouts. At the end of the month, for example, whoever was most consistent, worked out the most, etc., gets treated by the others to something fun (dinner out? pedicure? iTunes gift card?).Join an intramural sports team. Intramural teams are a great way to get exercise while in school. The workouts are fun and you can meet a lot of new people, learn more about a sport, and generally have a great time that doesnt feel nearly as dreary as running laps alone.

Teaching masculinity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching masculinity - Essay Example This paper caters to the question of development of masculinity in young boys through the system of education, and discusses how the concept of gender shapes the existing pedagogy and the democracy of the country. Nature of masculinity The social position of women has been a debatable topic all around the world. The topics on the system of education for girls, their social status and the availability of facilities for them have been put on the table. This issue has an obvious counterpart. If the system of relations is questioned form one side, the other side comes under focus automatically. The question could not inevitably â€Å"be confined to women and girls† (Connell, 2008, pp. 131). The established concept of ‘manhood’ is subject to the changes of time. ‘Manhood’ is bound by the nature of masculinity, practices that are seen as gender specific and deemed appropriate for the male and the preset ideologies. But while the social relations are questio ned, different aspects come under the circumference of the debate. Educational issues are a major part of the debate. The concept of gender has been a part of the pedagogical experiences of the schools and other educational institutions. The pedagogy is based upon the society that houses and rears the boys to make them become what they are. In this concept a vast range of concerns have to be addressed, starting from â€Å"men’s and boys’ health to men’s domestic and military violence† (Connell, 2008, pp. 1

Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Language - Essay Example Kincaid finds displeasure in the speech incompetence of the Antigua young people and the island at large for adopting the language of its colonizers. Baldwin highlights the development of Black English and the role it plays in society. This paper will compare the view of the two authors concerning the role of language. Baldwin’s essay draws the attention of the reader. He elaborates the situations preceding the development of Black English. He offers background information about the status of people of color as slaves. Slavery brought them together in the American continent. These slaves came from different parts of Africa. Because of their diversity, they spoke different languages. These slaves shared only one thing and this was the sad reality about the plights due to slavery. Slavery presented them with a need to communicate. The white man was not willing to educate the people of color unless it was for his benefit. There was a dire need for people to learn a language that would promote communication. Circumstances of being under slavery presented them with similar interests. They needed to have one voice for them to conquer the wits of the white people. They had to develop a unique form of communication so that the white man could not automatically understand. As Baldwin explains, any word spoken, revealed a lot about an individual’s life. ... The black people used language to express their grievances. In the unique language that resulted, blacks used expressions that depicted the passion for living life despite the circumstances that they were facing. For example, the author elaborates one of the words they used that had great significance in later years. The word jazz resulted from the black man’s creativity and was essentially applicable in sexual contexts. It was a unique way of the black man’s expression. In addition, Baldwin illustrates the effect of Black English among the white people. The word ‘jazz’ mentioned above influenced the music of an entire era. White Americans used the word to define the musical in which jazz music was common. They referred to it as the jazz age. Black English proved its potential to influence the culture of the white people. It was initially a language used by the oppressed to express their experience, but it delved deeper into influencing both the black and w hite culture. With time, whites borrowed words from this language to include in their culture. From the essay, it becomes evident that the core role of language is to present its speakers with a mode of communication that enables them to describe their experience. A society without language cannot achieve common goals. According to Baldwin, it is obvious that if the slaves brought to America could speak a similar language, history would be different. The slavery era would have been shorter. Baldwin reckons the reader to examine the role played by Black English. It has built the black community in the United States binding them closely. Through a common language, they have written history of slavery and described their struggle for liberty. Evidently, one

Vocabulary Component Of Language

Vocabulary Component Of Language Vocabulary is an important component of language knowledge because without knowing lots of vocabulary students will get difficulty when they express their ideas. As Zhihong (2000:18) said, Without a sufficient vocabulary, one cannot communicate effectively or express ideas. It means that having limited vocabulary might cause difficulty for students as foreign language learners to communicate with others and express their ideas. They might be stuck when using the language. According to Luppescu and Day (1993: 266), Building a large vocabulary is essential when learning English because people with large vocabularies are more proficient than those with limited vocabularies. In other words, when students have lots of vocabulary, they can communicate relatively well than those who lack of vocabulary. Thus, students should have enough English vocabulary in order to be able to undertake their studies successfully. Having lots of English vocabulary is important for anyone who wants to use the language. Decarrico (2001: 205) states, Vocabulary learning is central to language acquisition, whether first, second, or foreign. It means that learning vocabulary is the prior component that must be given to the students during their study of the language. They must he exposed with the vocabulary of the language they are studying. Thus, teachers are expected to develop their students r I 2 vocabulary by giving them the techniques or strategies of learning vocabulary. In the same fashion, students are also expected to have their own strategies in learning vocabulary. According to August and her colleagues (available at pwww.readinrockets.orWarticle/9943), vocabulary learning strategies include: Dictionary use In this strategy, learners can find multiple word meanings as well as importance of choosing the appropriate definition to fit the particular context. Morphemic Analysis This strategy is the process of deriving a words meaning by analyzing its meaningful parts or morphemes. Such word parts include root words, prefixes and suffixes. Contextual Analysis It involves inferring the meaning of an unfamiliar word by scrutinizing the text surrounding it. Instruction in contextual analysis generally involves teaching students to employ both generic and specific types of context clues. They also suggest several strategies that appear to be especially valuable for building the vocabularies of English Language Learners. These strategies include taking advantage of students first language if the language shares cognates with English, teaching the meaning of basic words, and providing sufficient review and reinforcement. Based on the several strategies given above, it can be said that vocabulary learning strategies are specific actions taken by the learner to make 3 learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations. Nation (1986:3) has listed 3,000 high-frequency English words and recommends these words as the basis of selection and order of vocabulary in teaching English at schools. He said that the learners of English as a foreign language need to master a productive knowledge and receptive knowledge of 1,000 and 2,000 high-frequency words. These skills will enable learners to communicate their ideas in the language they are studying whether in oral or written. Nurweni and Read (1999: 161) conducted the study in Lampung and discovered that students had some knowledge of 1226 English words. They also cited several researches: Quin (1968) conducted a vocabulary size of High School students graduated in Salafga and discovered that the subjects knew less than 1,000 of the most frequent English words after six years of study in high school and another study conducted by Suwarno Kartini (1998) in Bengkulu, they discovered that the students knew around 2,000 of the high-frequency words. All of the researches were about the vocabulary size of Indonesian learners especially students of High School (University level); the result showed that their vocabulary knowledge was still limited. The recent researches about vocabulary knowledge were conducted by Karwuur (2005) and Kurniawati (2004:ii). Karwuur conducted her research by analyzing the junior high schools English textbooks. She analyzed three English textbooks used by junior high school levels and discovered that those books 4 contain 1196 high-frequency words out of 2000 high-frequency words listed in Nation (1986:10-80). Kurniawati conducted a study of vocabulary knowledge of junior high school stuqents in several state junior high schools in Jakarta and discovered that the students were estimated to know 819 words receptively and 409 words productively out of 1,000 and 2,000 vocabulary levels. In Indonesia, English is a compulsory subject for students from elementary school to university level. As stated in the 1999 English Curriculum, students of junior high school are expected to have good language skills so that they are able to communicate well. Based on it, students in Junior High School level are expected to cover 1,000 words. From all the research above, there has not been any research yet to discover the vocabulary size ofjunior high school based on English textbooks. The explanation above inspired the researcher to find out more about the size of students English vocabulary at Junior High School in Jakarta based on the vocabulary found in their textbooks used at Junior High School level. 1.2 Problem Statement Based on the background of the study above, the researcher is interested in finding out the number of words known by the students of Junior High School based on their textbooks. The research question of this study is formulated as follow: How much is the size of the junior high school students knowledge of the English vocabulary learned from their textbooks? 5 1.3 Target Population The population of my research is Junior High School (SMP) level students. From this population, the sample for this particular survey is the third level of SMP students. They are students who are taken from several private schools in Jakarta. 1.4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to investigate the English vocabulary size of Junior High School students, especially those from private schools in Jakarta. .1.5 Limitation of the study This study is limited to third graders junior high school students located in Jakarta. The number of the students included is 311 students. 1.6 Weaknesses of the Study The researcher realized that this study has some weaknesses. Among them are: This study is emphasized only in English vocabulary size There is no clear border between receptive and productive competence in order to measure vocabulary size ofjunior high school students 6 The time taken is limited because the population was being prepared for the National examination, so that the researcher has limited time to take the data needed. 1.7 Benefit of the Study Hopefully, this study gives information about the vocabulary size ofjunior high school students. It is expected that the information is useful as an input for English teachers to know their students English achievement especially their vocabulary. Thus, the teacher might be able to prepare the lesson with good techniques and strategies in order to lead the students more interested and motivated in expanding their vocabulary, especially the high-frequency words and studying English. C 7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, vocabulary in language learning will be firstly discussed, followed by testing vocabulary, then vocabulary selection and kinds of vocabulary size test. Finally, measuring vocabulary size will be explained in the last part of this chapter. 2.1. Vocabulary in Language Learning Coady and Hicklin (1997:5) stated that, Vocabulary is central to language and of critical important to the typical language learner. Zhang Xi (1992:3 3) also says that, Mastering vocabulary is an important aspect of learning a language. It can be concluded that vocabulary is very crucial for the language learners to acquire and master. In English learning process vocabulary is still quite difficult for students to acquire new or unfamiliar words. In fact, if the students do not know enough words, it is impossible for students to understand ideas to express their thought. As Luppescu Day (1993:265) said, Building a large vocabulary is essential when learning language because learners with large vocabularies are more proficient than those with limited vocabularies. It means that students will succeed if they have much vocabulary because they know what should they speak, write and they can comprehend what they hear and read. It is also supported by Anderson and Freebody (1981: 77), Voc abulary knowledge is an excellent predictor of general language ability. In the language use, vocabulary becomes n 8 important to them so it must be paid attention by both teachers and students. In this case teachers have many roles in the process of teaching and learning vocabulary because not only the meaning of words but also the words knowledge whereas the students should be active in learning process. Harmer (199 1:242) states that, In playing the role of facilitating, the teacher should always be ready to offer help if it is needed and is available whenever the students wish to consult them. Thus, the teacher should make a good plan in teaching English especially vocabulary and prepare the lesson by using an interesting method. Courtright and Wesolek in their research report (2001:3) indicate that, It is an importance to incorporate interactive vocabulary activities into English classes. It can be designed to fulfill the following purposes: 1. Exposure (concept of clarifying word meaning and illustrate appropriate usage) 2. Expansion (concept of using the appropriate word form in context) 3. Expression (concept of demonstrating word knowledge in either oral or written original expression using the target words) While each of the three purposes should be covered at each level of language proficiency, the proportion of class time spent on activities for each purpose will vary according to the level of the students. At beginning levels like junior high school students for example, teachers tend to spend more time clarifying the meaning or exposing the students to the words and refining usage. Moreover the material and interesting media selection need to be given more .9 attention to the teachers as a facilitator in the learning process in order to increase the students vocabulary size. In the learning process, the goal of learning plays an important role in the main point. As stated in the English curriculum ofjunior high school (Depdiknas 1999) that the goal of vocabulary learning of Junior high school student who use English as a foreign language is to prepare themselves with vocabulary that can be used in expressing idea and communicating with other people. Furthermore, they are also expected to master 1,000 words. The curriculum states both the number of words which should be acquired and the list of words that should be taught. In the other words, junior high school students are provided with the amount of vocabulary which is classified into some topics. Based on this reason, students need to prepare themselves with a good language skill in order.to be able to communicate their ideas in the target language both oral and written. According to the foreign language teaching methodology, linguistic competence is generally categorized into skills that refer to both receptive competence (listening and reading) and productive competence (speaking and writing). As cited by Herudjati and Hendarti (2004:v), The crucial role of teachers is to help students master the target language. It means that the process of mastering the target language, the students need teachers role to fulfill final purpose of the learning language. In this case, the teachers as both motivators and facilitators must be wisely motivated, facilitated, and encouraged students to improve their productive competence. Thus the teachers role is very important to I I 10 motivate their students in learning vocabulary especially to stimulate the students in producing their vocabulary whether in oral or written language. Besides teachers role, textbook usage is also one of important factors to support the learning process. According to Kizilirmak (1991 :47)The textbook, after all, is the main resource of the material for most language teachers. It was also agreed by Karwuur(2005:i3), that textbook is one of the teaching materials which is the most accessible and effective for most teachers to support their teaching programs. Thus, the students achievement should be considered with the role of the textbook usage during the learning process. From the theory above, this study will be focused on the students vocabulary achievement based on their textbooks target. 2.2 Testing Vocabulary According to Novozhilova (Available at: jip://www. natek.freenet.kz/novozhilova.html), Testing is an important part of every teaching and learning experience. Well-made test of English can help students in at least two ways. First, such tests can help create positive attitudes toward the ciass. Second, English tests can benefit students is by helping them master the language. Properly, made English test can help create positive attitudes toward instruction by giving students a sense of accomplishment and a feeling that the teachers evaluation of them matches what he has taught them. It is also agreed by Nation (1999:8). He said that testing usually has two effects: (1) It provides information for the teacher and learners; (2) it influences the teachers I 11 and learners attitudes. That is, testing can encourage learning and arouse interest in it. Besides those effects of the testing above, good English tests also help students to learn the language by requiring them to study hard, emphasizing course objectives, and showing them where they need to improve. In other word, the result of tests can help teachers answer the important question Have I been effective in my teaching? It means that the tests can be used to diagnose our own efforts as well as those of our students. Then, test is beneficial for students, teachers, and even administrators by confirming progress that has been made and showing how can best redirect our future efforts. In addition, good test can sustain or enhance class morale and aid learning. Test of language sub skills do not show exactly how well a person uses English, but they can help teachers diagnose students strengths and weaknesses in oral or written communication. Generally, language tests are simply instruments or procedures for gathering particular kinds of information, typically information related with students language abilities. In this case, the test of vocabulary is used to diagnose areas of student needs or sources of learning difficulties, to reflect on the effectiveness of materials and activities, and to encourage students involvement in the learning progress for further classroom- based applications of language test. Novozhiiova adds that the reasons for testing can be identified as follows: 1. Testing tells teachers what students can or cannot do-in order words, tests show the teachers how successful their teaching has been. It provides I 12 wash-back from them to adjust and change course content and teaching style where necessary. 2. Testing tells students how well they are progressing. This may stimulate them to take learning more seriously. 3. By identifying students strength and weaknesses, testing can help identify areas for remedial work. 4. Testing will help evaluate the effectiveness of the program, course-books, material, and methods. Thus, teaching and testing are two inseparable aspects of the teachers task. They have an essential role in developing the students communicative competence. 2.3 Vocabulary Selection Vocabulary selection is related to the materials in used to enrich and develop students vocabulary. According to Read (2000:148) Vocabulary size test is merely samples of items representing their perspective frequency level, not words that are of interest in their own right. It means that to select the vocabulary that will be tested, the test taker must consider to the criteria of vocabulary selection. Karwuur (2005:10) notes that the selection of vocabulary should be based on the learners needs and the consideration of whether it is useful to them or not. Not to be different from them, Richards (200 1:7) said that there are two major criteria that should be considered by the teacher in selecting and organizing vocabulary from the classroom, they are; frequency and range of words. It is also 13 agreed by Nation (1990: 18-19) that frequency and range of the words are the main criteria in making selection of vocabulary for teaching learning in a class. Moreover, vocabulary selection is also related to direct and indirect vocabulary learning. In direct vocabulary learning, the students do exercises and activity that focus their attention on vocabulary. Word-building exercises, guessing word from context, learning word in lists, and vocabulary games are included in direct vocabulary learning. In indirect vocabulary learning the students attention is focused in some other feature such as message that is conveyed by a speaker or writer. As cited in Nation (1999:2), Krashen (1981 a) said that those arethe input theory of language learning. Nation (1999:3) also states that there are four ways in selecting vocabulary. They are as follows: I. Material is prepared with vocabulary learning as a consideration. In this case the selection and grading of vocabulary has been given a lot of attention before the course begins. 2. Words are dealt with as they happen to occur. It means that if an unknown word appears in the reading passage, the teacher gives some attention to it at the moment it causes a problem. 3. Vocabulary is taught in connection with other language activities. In other words, it should be concerned with real life. 4. Time is spent either in class or out of school. From all the ways above it can be said that selecting words is not an easy thing to do because there are not only some aspects determining the vocabulary I 14 selection but also the curriculum guidance on English subject coveriiig the words should be taught and which should be left out. Having good enough vocabulary influences the students in some ways: they understand what they read, what they hear, what they want to say, and write. Because vocabulay is an important component in language learning, it is used in all ianguage skiHs whether in reading, listening, speaking, or writing. It can not be separated each other. Vocabulary learning in the Junior High School level needs more attentions because according to the previous researches found that the problem ofjunior high school students is they lack of vocabulary so they could have difficulties in both receptive and productive English skills. Therefore, this study focused on the words included in the junior high school textbooks used by the students; the result gained will indicate that the junior high school students have a progress in learning the vocabulary. The textbooks refer to the 1999 curriculum guidance. 2.4 Types of Vocabulary Size Test Based on the frequency and the word range, Nation (2002:6) divided vocabulary into 4 groups. They are: I. High frequency words High frequency words are words that occur frequently in running text or speech of the native speaker. These words are very important so the students should be familiar with those words. 15 2. Academic words The academic words are the words that used in the common academic text. 3. Technical words These words are closely related to the topic discussed. 4. Low frequency words These kind of words are included all the words that are not high frequency words, not academic words and not technical words for a particular subject. He also says that the word-frequency counts help teachers and course designers in several ways. (a) They can help a teacher develop a feeling about which words are useful and should be given attention and which are infrequent. (b) They can provide a principled basis for developing words list for teaching, for designing graded courses and reading texts, and for preparing vocabulary test. (c) Where frequency counts give information on range, they are also useful for developing specialized words list. Thus, the vocabulary for the junior high school students that useful is high-frequency words which have a wide range. The test is very important in order to know the students progressive and the teacher effectiveness in teaching learning process. There are several types of test that can be used to test the vocabulary size: I. Multiple choice test Cross the choice that gives the best meaning of the word A tome 1. a rough split 2. a pain in the back 16 3. a large, heavy book 4. a type of horse 2. Yes/No or checklist test Tick the words you know explore achieve _____ survive _______ environment ______ 3. Translation test Translate the underline word into your first language. A bird has two wings. 4. Matching items original private complete royal first slow not public sorry total Those types of vocabulary test have the advantages and disadvantages. According to Nation (2001:81), they are: Multiple-choice items Multiple-choice items are difficult and need more time to make it but they are very quick and easy to score if the answers are clear. The test takers performance is too dependent on the choice of distracters and they tend to guess the answer. 17 2. The Y/N or checklist items Are easy to make and score but this tent to make the test taker overestimate of their vocabulary knowledge. 3.. Translation items The translation test are easy to produce and they ask the students to perform a task which is equal to what they do when reading or listening, but the scoring can be complicated and scorer need to know the students mother tongue. 4. Matching items The matching items are quick and easy to produce but it gives the test taker an opportunity to guess whey they answer. There are several types of test to measure students vocabulary size. In choosing the suitable test type, the principles suggested by Nation (2001:345) are: 1. The test has plenty of items. 2. The test item type requires the learner to use the kind of vocabulary knowledge that wants to be tested. 3. The test is easy to make, mark, and interpret, and has good effect on the learning and teaching. After the purposes and uses of the testing have been decided, the next point to consider is what kinds of information have to be known. In this case, to know the vocabulary size of the junior high school students, the researcher gave a test used to measure their vocabulary. Considering all the types of vocabulary size tests presented above, this study used translation test as a tool to measure 18 students vocabulary size. In this test, the students are expected to translate the target words given. As Rebecca (1990: 84) stated that, Translating can be helpful strategy early in language learning, as long as it is used with care. In this test, the students are allowed to use their own language as the basis for understanding what they hear or read in the new language. Thus, the English vocabulary size ofjunior high school students will be obtained. 19 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter incLudes research objective, the research methodology, the subjects of the study, target vocabulary, techniques of data collection method, and data analysis. 3.1. Research Objective The aim of this research is to find out whether the students have the adequate vocabulary size. In order to know the size of the students vocabulary knowledge, the translation test was employed. The test is intended to measure how much the junior high school students know the vocabulary they learned from their English textbooks. 3.2. Research Methodology The methodology used in this research is survey. As stated on the website available at http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/survey.htm), survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. In survey, the samples are highly preferred a big class. Denscombe (1992:22) stated that being enhanced representative of the samples and allows greater confidence to making generalization use the large sample. 20 I 3.3. Subject of the study Subjects in this study were private Junior High School students in Jakarta. The subjects were taken from nine different private schools in Jakarta by using a purposive random sampling. The researcher took 9 schools out of 685 schools. The selection was based on their achievement in the national exam score. First, the researcher selected three private schools randomly that had the highest national exam score and classified them as high-level private schools. Then, the researcher selected another three private schools that had the average national exam score and classified them as medium-level schools. At the last, the researcher selected three private schools that had the lowest national exam score and classified them as low-level schools. One class was taken as a sample from each school. The main purpose of having high, medium, and low-level is to discover whether there is a significant difference in the achievement of the students vocabulary size learned from their textbooks. 3.4. Target Vocabulary The target vocabulary was taken from the words in English textbooks for Junior High School. Before the sample was taken, the words were edited. Function words like the, a, to, in, that were not included in the test of this kind of words; articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc.- are called as function words and seen as the grammar of the language. Thus the researcher sets out to test vocabulary by focusing on the content words as the target words. 21 The target vocabularies were selected from 2235 words which are used in Junior High School English textbooks. Following Thorndike and Lorges method à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ of estimating vocabulary size as cited by Nation (1990:76), the researcher selected every tenth word of the lists after the function words were elirninated. Consequently, there are 200 words tested to the participants. 3.5. Data Collection method The translation test is employed to collect the data in order to know how many English words were known by the students. In the test, each target word was provided in the sentences which are underlined, then, the students were asked to write the meaning. in Indonesian on the answer sheet provided. The direction was also given in Indonesian. The test consisted of 200 items. Each item consisted of one short-simple sentence in English in which the target word was underlined. The students were asked to write the meaning of the underlined word into Indonesian. The translation test is as follows: VOCABULARY-SIZE TEST FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN JAKARTA Tes mi dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui banyaknya kosakata yang telah saudara kuasai berdasarkan buku bahasa Inggris yang dipakai. Setiap soal terdiri atas satu kalimat yang di dalamnya terdapat satà ¼ kata yang digaris bawahi. Tuliskan makna kata tersebut dalam bahasa Indonesia pada lembar JAWABAN yang telah disediakan. Coba kerjakan tes dibawah mi! 1. She uses a dictionary to check difficult words. 2. The room is dark, 3. She gave you an example. 22 There are two points in collecting the data, here are as follows: 3.5.1. Try Out of the Instrument The pilot study was conducted to calculate the reliability and validity of the test. The try out was calculated by using the Spearman Brown Method. The try out result indicated that the reliability coefficient for translation test is 0,8 8. Thus, it can be said that the test was reliable. The following is the formula of the Spearman Brown method: N-(X)(Y) 2(rXy) r11 = (i+rXy ) Where: r = Pearson r = the sum of score in X-distribution -= the sum of score in Y-distribution >XY = the sum of the products of pairs X- and Y-scores = the sum of the squared scores in X-distribution Y2 = the sum of the squared scores in Y-distribution N = the number of paired X- and Y- scores (subjects) 23 Based on the computation, the result is 0.88, while the rt for N 20 IS 0:44. So the result of the validity and reliability is higher than the critical r. It can be concluded that the test is valid and reliable enough to be used as a test instrument. 3.5.2. Scoring Test The type of the test used in this study is the translation test. It is used to identify whether the students knew the words in the textbooks they use. Following Nurweni and Reads study on vocabulary size of Indonesian university students which also used translation test, there were four possible answers, which were acceptable, they are: I. The answers gave a meaning of the word that was in relation to the context and grammatically correct. 2. The answer which gave a meaning of the word that was in relation with the context but it was grammatically incorrect. 3. The answer gave a meaning of the target word that was not in relation with the context but it was one possible meaning of the target word and grammatically correct. 4. The answer gave a meaning that was not in relation with the context but it was one possible meaning of the target word and grammatically incorrect. 24 In this study, the four different types of answer were all accepted as correct. For example: He is pjtin the room with blue colour. The answers might be: mengecat, cat, melukis, lukis. All the answers are considered correct. Every correc

Zara Market Share

Three generations of Data Management in Decision Support 1. Early 1970s – required a repository of data : sourced from operational system + other data (e. g. external data) – Data was customized for the specific DSS – Application-centric approach : data support a single or a few related applications used to help make the business case for the warahouse – Sprague provided the Data-Dialog-Models (DDM) paradigm 2. Late 1980s Telecommunications, retailing and financial services industries built warehouses to store vast amounts of customer and sales-related data –These industries remain leaders in terms of the size of the warehouses and how the warehouses are used – Data-centric approach : support a variety of applications 3. In 2000 – the movement to real-time data warehousing – changes in the way that warehouse data is used – different : Previous : data aims to understand what had already happened and to predict what would h appen in the future * limit to influence real-time decisions and current operations * Now : real-time data (current decisions and critical business process) such as customer-facing and supply chain applications can be significantly enhanced Real or Right Time ? –Incorrect concept applied to warehousing : real-time = instantaneous – Reason : much of warehouse data cannot be captured and entered into the warehouse in seconds or minutes. * expensive difficult to make real-time * may not be a business need for real-time data – Example : Some source systems, e. g. a legacy COBOL program, is undated once a month Continental Airlines – a leader in real-time business intelligence – won The Data Warehousing Institute’s prestigious Best Practices and Leadership Awards – Real-time data warehouse : provide the data that is required to implement real-time BI – Firms can use BI to affect current decision making and business processes by usin e real-time – Importance : especially for customer-facing applications, e. g. hose found in call centers and check-in processes, help firms become more customer-centric –Terms describe firms use real-time BI : â€Å"real-time enterprise† , â€Å"zero latency organization† – Purpose of real-time BI : * increase revenues and decrease costs => improve profitability – e. g. Continental Airlines * taken a $30M investment in hardware, software and personnel to generate over $500M in revenue, resulting in a ROI of over 1,000% – Firms must overcome both organizational and technical challenges for real-time BI successful – Organizational must be executive : * sponsorship and support * initial and on-going financial support governance processes put in place * BI and data warehousing personnel with the requisite personnel – Technical : * acquire and implement new hardware and software * establish processes and procedures for sup porting and managing real-time data feeds from source systems * data must be quickly transformed and loaded into the warehouse * data must be analyzed and made available to operational systems and personnel – briefly discuss an application that illustrates Continental’s use of real-time BI – focus on the technical issues associated with Continental’s implementation of real-time BI

Weird Naked Mole Rat Facts (Heterocephalus glaber)

Every species of animal has its unique traits. However, some of the characteristics of the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) are quirky bordering on downright weird. Some people think the rats unique physiology could be studied to unlock immortality or find a way to prevent cancer. Whether or not this is true remains to be seen, but one thing is certain. The mole rat is an unusual creature. Fast Facts: Naked Mole Rat Scientific Name: Heterocephalus glaberCommon Names: Naked mole rat, sand puppy, desert mole ratBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 3-4 inchesWeight: 1.1-1.2 ouncesLifespan: 32 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: East Africa grasslandsPopulation: StableConservation Status: Least Concern Description The naked mole rat queen is larger than the other rats within a colony. Geoff Brightling / Getty Images Its easy to recognize the naked mole rat by its buck-teeth and wrinkled skin. The rats body is adapted for life underground. Its protruding teeth are used for digging and its lips seal behind its teeth, to prevent the animal from eating dirt while burrowing. While the rat isnt blind, its eyes are small, with poor visual acuity. The naked mole rats legs are short and thin, but the rat can move forward and backward with equal ease. The rats arent completely bald, but they have little hair and lack an insulating fat layer beneath the skin. The average rat is 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) in length and weighs 30 to 35 g (1.1 to 1.2 oz). Females are larger and heavier than males. Diet The rodents are herbivores, feeding primarily on large tubers. One large tuber can sustain a colony for months or years. The rats eat the interior of the tuber, but leave enough for the plant to regenerate. Naked mole rats sometimes eat their own feces, although this may be a social behavior rather than  a source of nutrition. Naked mole rats are preyed upon by snakes and raptors. The Only Cold-Blooded Mammal A naked mole rat would feel cool to the touch. Karen Tweedy-Holmes / Getty Images Human, cats, dogs, and even egg-laying platypuses are warm-blooded. As a rule, mammals are thermoregulators, able to maintain body temperature despite external conditions. The naked mole rat is the one exception to the rule. Naked mole rats are cold-blooded or thermoconformers. When a naked mole rat is too hot, it moves to a deeper, cooler part of its burrow. When its too cold, the rat either moves to a sun-warmed location or huddles with its pals. Adaptation to Oxygen Deprivation Humans cant live very long without air. Dimitri Otis / Getty Images Human brain cells start to die within 60 seconds without oxygen. Permanent brain damage typically sets in after three minutes. In contrast, naked mole rats can survive 18 minutes in an oxygen-free environment without suffering any harm. When deprived of oxygen, the rats metabolism slows and it uses anaerobic glycolysis of fructose to make lactic acid to supply its cells with energy. Naked mole rats can live in an atmosphere of 80 percent carbon dioxide and 20 percent oxygen. Humans would die from carbon dioxide poisoning under these conditions. Habitat and Distribution The rats are native to the dry grasslands of East Africa, where they live in colonies of 20 to 300 individuals. Reproduction and Social Behavior Naked mole rats and other mole rats form colonies, much like bees and ants. Kerstin Klaassen / Getty Images What do bees, ants, and mole rats have in common? All are eusocial animals. This means they live in colonies that have overlapping generations, division of labor, and cooperative brood care. As in insect colonies, naked mole rats have a caste system. A colony has one female (queen) and one to three males, while the rest of the rats are sterile workers. The queen and males begin breeding at one year of age. The hormones and ovaries of worker females are suppressed, so if the queen dies, one of them can take over for her. The queen and the males maintain a relationship for several years. Naked mole rat gestation is 70 days, producing a litter ranging from 3 to 29 pups. In the wild, naked mole rats breed once a year, providing the litter survives. In captivity, the rats produce a litter every 80 days. The queen nurses the pups for a month. After this, smaller workers feed the pups fecal pap until they are able to eat solid food. Larger workers help to maintain the nest, but also protect the colony from attacks. Unusual Aging Process Biologically, an old naked mole rat and a young one are virtually indistinguishable. R. Andrew Odum / Getty Images While mice may live up to 3 years, naked mole rats can live up to 32 years. The queen doesnt experience menopause, but remains fertile throughout her lifespan. While naked mole rat longevity is exceptional for a rodent, its unlikely the species holds the Fountain of Youth in its genetic code. Both naked mole rats and humans have DNA repair pathways not present in mice. Another reason mole rats may outlive mice is because of their lower metabolic rate. Naked mole rats are not immortal. They die from predation and illness. However, mole rat aging does not adhere to the Gompertz law describing aging  in mammals. Research into naked mole rat longevity may help scientists unravel the mystery of the aging process. Cancer and Pain Resistance Unlike the naked mole rat, naked mice and other rodents are susceptible to tumors. littlepeggy / Getty Images While naked mole rats can catch diseases and die, they are highly resistant (not entirely immune) to tumors. Scientists have proposed multiple mechanisms for the rats remarkable cancer resistance. The naked mole rat expresses the p16 gene that prevents cells from dividing once they come in contact with other cells, the rats contain extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan (HMW-HA) which may protect them, and their cells have ribosomes capable of making nearly error-free proteins. The only malignancies discovered in naked mole rats were in captive-born individuals, which lived in a much more oxygenated environment than rats in the wild. Naked mole rats neither itch nor feel pain. Their skin lacks a neurotransmitter called substance P that is needed to send pain signals to the brain. Scientists believe this might be an adaptation to living in poorly ventilated species, where high levels of carbon dioxide cause acid to build up in tissues. Further, the rats dont feel temperature-related discomfort. The lack of sensitivity may be in response to the naked mole rats extreme habitat. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the naked mole rat conservation status as least concern. Naked mole  rats are numerous within their range and are not considered to be endangered. Sources Daly, T. Joseph M.; Williams, Laura A.; Buffenstein, Rochelle. Catecholaminergic innervation of interscapular brown adipose tissue in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber). Journal of Anatomy. 190 (3): 321–326, April 1997.Maree, S. and C. Faulkes. . IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesHeterocephalus glaber. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2008.ORiain, M. Justin; Faulkes, Chris G. African mole rats: eusociality, relatedness and ecological constraints. In Korb, Judith; Heinze, Jà ¶rgen. Ecology of Social Evolution. Springer. pp. 207–223, 2008.Park, Thomas J.; Lu, Ying; Jà ¼ttner, Renà ©; St. J. Smith, Ewan; Hu, Jing; Brand, Antje; Wetzel, Christiane; Milenkovic, Nevena; Erdmann, Bettina; Heppenstall, Paul A.; Laurito, Charles E.; Wilson, Steven P.; Lewin, Gary R. Selective Inflammatory Pain Insensitivity in the African Naked Mole-Rat (. PLoS Biology. 6 (1): e13, 2008.Heterocephalus glaber)Thomas J. Park; et al. Fructose-driven glycolys is supports anoxia resistance in the naked mole-rat. Science. 356 (6335): 307–311. April 21, 2017.

Essay on All the Presidents Men - The Watergate Scandal

All the Presidents Men is a book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. The book discussed what happened to President Nixon in the Watergate Scandal from Bernstein and Woodwards point of view. The Watergate Scandal was a significant part of presidential history. This even would result in Nixons resignation and what would have been his guaranteed impeachment. The Watergate Scandal took an impact on politics as a whole. Politicians are known as liars and people who keep secrets from the public. The Watergate Scandal is something Nixon can never make up for, but will always beremembered for. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward were the investigative reporters to the Watergate scandal. Bernstein was a reporter at the Washington Post; he had†¦show more content†¦Nixon had seven men who had helped him the whole time. These men are known as the â€Å"Watergate Seven†. The â€Å"Watergate Seven† involved John Mitchell, H.R. Haldeman, Kenneth Parkinson, Charles Colson, Gordon Strachan, John Ehrlichman, and Robert Mardian. The â€Å"Watergate Seven† did many different things in the Watergate Scandal. They broke into the Watergate hotel, wiretapped phones and attempted burglaries. The Watergate Scandal was truly the biggest political scandal in United States History. Over forty people where charged with crimes relating to the scandal. Bernstein and Woodward were given a fantastic oppourtunity to uncover something truly significant in history. The twenty-one months of investigative reporting done by these two men would ruin Nixon’s name and make t hese two common everyday reporters lives change forever. Woodward first got his life changing call on June 17th 1972 with his editor telling him about a small invasion of the Democratic Party Headquarters. With being related to the scandal, two members of President Nixon’s cabinet, H.R. Hadlemen and John Ehrlichman, quickly resigned. 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