Road Safety

Road safety is increasingly becoming a major killer and a worldwide concern. A child is killed in an accident every three minutes. Everyday more than one hundred people are killed due to lack in road safety. Around six thousand people are injured due to these small mistakes of a driver. Many people look at road safety as non-essential, but this a major topic of accidents occurring every minute nowadays. . Road accident is a global tragedy with ever-raising trend. To avoid these, a driver should be careful not to break the road safety rules and maintain the road safety culture.The main reason for accidents is high speed driving. Many people are killed, left seriously injured in road accidents. Drivers must be well educated regarding road safety & what to do what not to do. Police officers have a key role in encouraging improved road-user behavior. The main causes of the car accidents are driver distractions, drunken drivers, using cellular phones while driving, speeding, aggressive dr iving, mechanical failure, road conditions and weather.Lack of discipline of the driver, refusal to follow traffic rules, lack of experience and licensing older drivers also may be a cause of these accidents. Road accidents involving children has become a major cause for concern around the world. Within recent times, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of road accidents involving children. Accidents are generally classified as single vehicle and multiple vehicle accidents. The increase of road accident is closely linked with the rapid growth of population, economics development, industrialization and motorization encountered by the country.It continues to be a growing concern to all those who use the roads. There are many other causes of accident on the road. One reason is that, nowadays people can obtain license easily. But actually, people who want to get the license must have an experience and know the rules on the road. However, we do not have a big number of experi enced drivers on the road. However, there are traffic laws that may prevent these kinds of accidents to happen, but it is still up to the driver to follow the road safety rules and maintain road safety culture. .† Road Safety Road safety is a major issue affecting the road sector. Road accidents remain a serious impediment to sustainable human development in many of the developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Road accidents continue to be an important social and economic problem in developing countries like India. Growth in the number of motor vehicles, poor enforcement of traffic safety regulations, poor quality of roads and vehicles, and inadequate public health infrastructures are some of the road safety problems facing in India.The object of this Thesis is to present a status report on the nature of the government policy towards the Activity plans implemented till now and which has to be implemented later for the reduction of road fatalities and for the safe roads, and also giving the guidelines for financing of remedial measures, institutional framework, physical characteristics of the road, traffic control and calming measures, road safety education and enforcement is sues.The aim of the Activity plans is to analyze the present situation of road safety in India and to indicate main problems in individual sector of the Activity implemented by comparing and taking the examples of some of the ASEAN Region who are successed in implementing in the individual sectors. The effect of the programme to real safety situation is estimated, and further plans could be corrected if it is necessary. Implementation of the goals for the coming years to reduce the number of accidents at maximum extent and give people, the safe and the steady flow of traffic in India.The vision of a tremendous change next 5 to 10 years is based on a big potential for improvement and a joint effort of all involved groups on all levels of traffic safety, centrally coordinated by the National Road Safety Authorities. The Action Plan is deliberately divided into 14 key Sectors of activity in broadly the same way as the individual country road safety action plans. The sectors involve man y different disciplines and a very wide range of multi sector activities but all are based on applying scientific, methodical approaches to the problem. At the end the thesis gives the recommendations and conclusion for the safe Roads in India Road Safety Nowadays, the movement of vehicular traffic on road is increasing day by day. Every year thousands of people die in road accidents due to their or others fault. Consequently, there is a growing concern for road safety and thrust upon the knowledge of traffic rules in civic life. Ignorance of traffic rules and their non-observance results into accidents, fatal injuries or permanent physical disabilities, loss of life and damage of properties.To prevent it, there is a need to generate awareness about traffic norms and their observance at mass level. The rules of road are hard and fast and cannot be broken without danger to life or limb. While on road, we must always look ahead and judge the speed of traffic and the timings of traffic lights. Accidents occur if we are unmindful of the other users of the road. We should always keep a close watch on other road users especially pedestrians as they move slowly.We must maintain adequate distance from vehicle ahead of us. We must drive our ve hicles at specified speeds. At higher speed, the stopping distance exceeds the visual distance and therefore, it causes accidents. We should avoid sudden use of breaks, as it is risky. The best way to stop quickly is to drive slowly or to keep speeds under control. We should always keep a safe distance from large and heavy vehicles. In case, our vehicle comes between large vehicles there is a like hood of our vehicle being crushed.Since long vehicles cover more space, we must not be on its either right or left side when it is taking a turn. We must not over take vehicles as it may lead to an accident. We must follow the traffic signals as they assure us safety. There are three signals- red light, yellow light and green light. The red light indicates that we should stop. The yellow light indicates we should wait for green signal and the green signal indicates that we should start going. Road Safety Road Safety is essential in our daily life. Thus to observe the traffic rules is an important activity to ensure road safety. Road safety should first of all begin at home by teaching and instructing children about the traffic rules with some good hints on the do‘s and dont‘s. Children should also be taught the highway code and advised to follow them strictly. Hence safety rules is everybody‘s business. Statistics has time and again shown that a great proportion of the people involved in road accidents are school children.It cannot be denied therefore that improper education is one of the major causes of accidents. There are cases where accident are caused by children running across the road without much attention, crossing behind parked vehicle, cycling two or three abreast carrying pillion riders, alighting from moving buses and cycling without due care. Therefore, they should be thought the important the road safety both at home and in schools. Exhibitions by the schools and demonstrations by the police authorities can do much in instilling in the children in a greater awareness of the dangers on the roads.As for the drivers on the road, they should always concentrate and study the situation ahead. It is very important that they anticipate road movements. They should drive safely showing consideration for others road users. The drives of heavy vehicles especially, should exercise greater consideration for those of smaller vehicles. Motorist and taxi- drivers should not exceed the speed limits and should always think of the safety of the passengers. A good driver should also know how to assess the speed and the distance of the oncoming traffic.Dangerous of overtaking has been cited as one of the major causes of road accidents. Drives in their enthusiasm or impatience overtakes other vehicles and end up in the head-on collision with other oncoming vehicles. Drives should always exercise caution and show more road sense. Motorcyclist should al ways wear safety helmet for their own safety. They should remember that prevention is better than cure. The government on their part should distribute pamphlets which warn and instill fear in road-users who are careless and inconsiderate.Posters in ivid pictorial terms which tell of the dangers and the consequences of careless reckless driving should also be imposed to act as deterrents to negligent driving. Unroadworthy vehicles such as vehicles whish are very old and in state of despair, vehicles which do not be allowed on the road until the defects are corrected. Finally all roads until the defects are reflectors should not be allowed on the roads until the defects are corrected. Finally all road-users should cultivate the virtues of consideration, tolerate, patience, caution and a respect for the highway code for everybody‘s benefit Road Safety Road safety is increasingly becoming a major killer and a worldwide concern. A child is killed in an accident every three minutes. Everyday more than one hundred people are killed due to lack in road safety. Around six thousand people are injured due to these small mistakes of a driver. Many people look at road safety as non-essential, but this a major topic of accidents occurring every minute nowadays. . Road accident is a global tragedy with ever-raising trend. To avoid these, a driver should be careful not to break the road safety rules and maintain the road safety culture.The main reason for accidents is high speed driving. Many people are killed, left seriously injured in road accidents. Drivers must be well educated regarding road safety & what to do what not to do. Police officers have a key role in encouraging improved road-user behavior. The main causes of the car accidents are driver distractions, drunken drivers, using cellular phones while driving, speeding, aggressive dr iving, mechanical failure, road conditions and weather.Lack of discipline of the driver, refusal to follow traffic rules, lack of experience and licensing older drivers also may be a cause of these accidents. Road accidents involving children has become a major cause for concern around the world. Within recent times, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of road accidents involving children. Accidents are generally classified as single vehicle and multiple vehicle accidents. The increase of road accident is closely linked with the rapid growth of population, economics development, industrialization and motorization encountered by the country.It continues to be a growing concern to all those who use the roads. There are many other causes of accident on the road. One reason is that, nowadays people can obtain license easily. But actually, people who want to get the license must have an experience and know the rules on the road. However, we do not have a big number of experi enced drivers on the road. However, there are traffic laws that may prevent these kinds of accidents to happen, but it is still up to the driver to follow the road safety rules and maintain road safety culture. .†

Strengthening Federal Clean Air Standards

For Californians, not a day goes by without hearing some remark referring to smog or the quality of the air they breathe. One becomes accustom to shrugging such remarks off without a second thought after a while. Sure the air is getting cleaner, manufactures and people alike seem to be doing all they can do to clean up the air they breathe. Clean air folks are starting to be labeled as reactionaries. As with every organized group there are those among them that deserve such labels, but when it comes down to the air which people have to breathe very day, extra emphasis is a good thing. Federal and local regulations along with public support are responsible for substantial gains in air quality in the last ten years. â€Å"Air quality in Southern California continues to improve, with 1995 registering some of the lowest levels in decades. Yet Southern California still experiences the worst air quality in the nation requiring continued diligence to meet air quality standards† These improvements provide the grounds for continuing the battle for air quality instead of grounds for a pat on the back and job well done. Federal clean air standards should be strengthened. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) along with an arsenal of reputable agencies have drafted a plan known as the 1997 Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) in which detailed summaries regarding current and future air quality measures are brought forward for critics and supporters alike to discern. It is in this plan along with supporting facts regarding beneficial economic gains and support from the medical community that make the case for continuous and stricter air quality standards. The 1997 AQMP sets fourth the guidelines in which the Federal government should set standards for state and local governments along with private agencies to impose and enforce. The focus of the plan comes as a result of new understanding regarding pollutants known as ozone and M10. This new information flows from countless scientific studies. For example, â€Å"Use of the most current air quality information (1995), including special particulate matter data from the PM10 Technical Enhancement Program† . There findings show direct links in ozone and the PM10 pollutants. In chapter three of the plan one can find the scientific data based on base year emission levels dating back to 1987 as they relate to current and future emission levels. Data clearly show's improvement in Southern California's quality of air in the ten year period between 1987 and 1997. The data also provides needed understanding of the major contributors to smog and other ozone depleting pollutants. Overall, total mobile source emissions account for 61 percent of the VOC and 88 percent of the Nox emissions for these two pollutants† The knowledge of this information has been a major factor in the control of these pollutants produced by the vehicles driven by millions everyday weather on the job or just tooling around town with the top down. While the information in this plan requires a good deal of scientific knowledge to understand the general message is clear. Populations are increasing which increases the demands placed on the environment. Without continual improvement regarding air quality there will be massive amounts of ozone depleting emissions created and unchecked in the environment. This plan should be imposed by the Federal government. It provides the method for promising futures not only for the environment but the economy as well. Along with the benefits in improved air quality that will result form the implementation of the 1997 AQMP substantial gains in technology will be achieved in the areas of zero emission vehicles and the development of alternative fuels. On-road motor vehicles which include passenger cars, light duty trucks, medium duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, and motorcycles, currently number approximately 10 million in the South Coast Air Basin. † If this seems an alarming number of vehicles of which contribute 61 percent of the VOC and 88 percent of the Nox emissions in the air; you better sit down. â€Å"In 1995 these vehicles traveled more than 300 million miles per day, and by the year 2010, vehicle miles traveled is projected to be about 380 million miles per day† . This is an alarming number of vehicles along with an alarming number of miles to boot. The implementation of the 1997 plan will require the sale of zero-emission vehicles beginning in 2003. This demand places immense pressure on the automotive industry to come up with suitable alternatives for the combustion engine. The technology gains from this industrial effort have already begun to show themselves at car shows throughout the country. All manufactures will benefit from this new technology, from those who produce the batteries that run them to manufacturers of the lightweight materials needed to produce such automobiles. The public reaps immediate gains from this technology such as the cell phone's carried by thousands of people every day in Southern California. Some of the most notable technologies include nickel metal-hydride, lithium-ion, and sodium-nickel chloride. Nickel metal-hydride batteries are responsible for the ability to constantly charge ones cell phone battery without it developing a memory position resulting in limited to no use of the battery at all. Lithium-ion batteries provide extended use of many battery operated items used in every day life such as flash lights, cameras, radios†¦ Honda and Toyota have announced they will introduce pilot fleets of electric vehicles with nickel metal-hydride batteries in 1988 . The examples in technological advancements that result from stricter air quality controls are endless and cannot be fully realized without implementation of the controls described in the 1997 AQMP. As if the available information thus far were not enough to support the EPA's plans for air quality, the medical community has stepped forward to support efforts for cleaner air as well. The proposed plan clearly benefits air quality and the economy through advances in technology. Support from the medical community will convince the stragglers that don't feel air quality and technology will directly benefit themselves. â€Å"Dr. Barry S. Levy, American Public Health Association president and an environmental health physician, called today for the adoption of EPA's proposed regulations to lower levels of particulate (soot) matter and ozone (a chemical that helps cause smog) in the air. This effort will protect children and adults from illness, disability and death, and reduce health care costs by billions of dollars† . Public health is of major concern when it comes to the environment. The air people breath daily is vital to their existence and the quality of that air is one of the major factors to their quality of life. According to DR. Levy, â€Å"The proposed EPA standard are based on well-designed scientific studies that link adverse health effect to the fine particulate matter and ozone† . The American Public Health Association (APA) is considered on of the oldest and largest organizations devoted to public health. The APA credits itself with some of the top professionals in the field of public health. They have conducted more studies and published more information regarding public health than any other organization of its kind in the world so when they support the EPA's findings for stricter air quality control measures they speak for a vast majority of health professionals. Common sense requires one to feel a sense of dread at the possibility of death as a result of poor air quality. The EPA has built a sound case for enacting stricter air qualities and they have a great plan for its enactment. It is clearer now that the adoption of the 1997 AQMP has far reaching benefits for all. Scientifically sound evidence points to the reality of cleaner air from the plans enactment. Increases in technology will create economic growth and business opportunity. And finally health risks resulting from poor air quality can be substantially reduced for both children and adults. The 1997 AQMP also provides measures for meeting the standards proposed in its regulations. Through, â€Å"Intercredit Trading Program, Air Quality Investment Program and Promotion of Catalyst-Surface Coating Technology Programs for Air Conditioning Units. These measures are designed to enhance compliance flexibility, to facilitate the implementation of the command and control measures† . The command and control measures of the plan are simply implementation and enforcement policies which incorporate assistance and rewards for complying to regulations. Most of these programs are already successfully being operated at the present time. There is also an Air Quality Assistance Fund which has been enacted to help small businesses comply with stricter emission regulations. The plan provides a â€Å"loan guarantee for up to 90 percent of the loan amount, ranging from a minimum of $15,000 to a maximum of $250,000† . Money can be used for retrofitting operations to the point of complying with any portion of the AQMP. A study conducted buy Dr. Steven Meyer, director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Project on Environmental Politics and Policy says, â€Å"‘Job growth–not job loss– is associated with stronger environmental policies. The 10 states with the strongest environmental policies appear to have experienced annual employment growth rates almost . 6 percent higher than those of the 10 states with the weakest environmental policies'†. Opponents of Federal regulations often rely on job scare tactics to kill a useful initiative such as the one proposed by the EPA but the facts are, jobs are created when improvements in technology are made. The plan provides a complete package from reasons for change through benefits of such changes right down to the actual implementation of its policy's. It provides areas of assistance for those who have trouble with compliance and places adequate emphasis on continued improvement in all areas regarding air quality. With regard to the health of the planet and the there is little reason remaining for the Federal government not to enforce stricter air quality measures.

Argument for the Abolishment of the Death Penalty

Argument for the Abolishment of the Death Penalty Alvin Soo Death penalty is the capital punishment that has authorization to kill someone as the crime’s punishment. The first country that started the death penalty is Babylon. It established the death penalty law at eighteenth century. There are many methods of death penalty that develop over the centuries such as shooting, poisoning, hanging, and others. In the modern century, there are many countries are using the death penalty in the law punishment such as Malaysia, China, and others. According to the website, theguardian, China has the most number of people sentenced to death and its most common death penalty method is shooting. The murderers’ eyes are covered and their back is facing the shooter. Then the shooters will start firing until the murderers are dead. Death penalty has been a popular discussion since some countries are taking the lead to abolish death penalty. People are debating whether the death penalty should be abolished. In this era, death pena lty need to be abolished from the law because it has negative effects on society, family, and economy. First of all, death penalty is encouraging the racial discrimination. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, most of the death punishments are sentenced to the minority races such as African-American. It is a norm that the society has racial discrimination because people like to be in a group, which has people of similar race or culture. When there is an outsider that doesn’t have similarity, they will neglect that outsider and may treat him differently. This is not just happening in the society; it also happens in court. When the judge and jury are making decision in front of the justice, they are still having bias when deciding the punishment because everyone has prejudice and discrimination. Based on NAACP Criminal Justice Department (2017), the death penalty will affect the victim’s race especially white. This proves that the death penalty is support ing the racial discrimination. Secondly, death penalty is not eliminating the devious from the society. In the modern society, everyone is educated to follow the rules to avoid from committing the crime. However, everyone is not educated to be forgiving sin. Although crimes happened, the murderers are deserved to be given another chance to change their bad behavior and thinking. The devious cannot be stopped by killing the murderers. Instead, the murderers needed be educated in prison to gain the forgiveness and decrease the crime rate. Besides that, death penalty also increases the crime rate. Originally, death penalty is used to discourage the people committing crime by making them scare because one of the human’s fears is death. Death penalty also can save other lives by eliminated the people who committed crime but it doesn’t help to decreasing the crime rate. Article by Bonner and Fessenden (2000) supports that the states that have no death penalty are having lo wer of slaughter rate. This is because the death penalty is replaced by culture and religion. Thirdly, death penalty is having negative effect on moral ethnicity. Moral ethnicity is teaching about the principle of moral. It lets people know that everyone is equal and they are given the same human right even though they committed crime. However, death penalty is giving the wrong ethnicity to the society and family. It is promoting a concept, which the murderers are deserved to have deaths sentence because they committed crime. When that concept is spread into the society, the people will be influenced and may cause more crime happens. The reason is because people will choose to do the death sentence to the murderer without authorization and legal process. In the other hand, it is not right to take over other people life no matter who they are. Slaughter people are against the law; death sentence is also slaughtering people. The only difference between these two is on is illegal and other one is legal. In the view of morality, both are the same because killing people is an amorality. Fourthly, death penalty is impacting the family education negatively. Family is an important thing in life because everything is started from that first. If death penalty is not abolished, the children will become more extreme with aggressive family education. As mentioned above, death penalty will affect the society and family. If the perspective of death penalty can regulate the society and family. There will be more aggressive family appears and cause the violent crime arise. For an example, if children are having the aggressive punishment because they did the non-moral things like stealing, fighting, and others. Are the parents going to say that they are deserve to have that punishment? Definitely no, because parents have the responsibility to let the children know that what’s wrong with that attitude and admit it instead of using the extreme and aggressive punishment to make them afraid. Moreover, death penalty is also affecting the family to be broken. When the murders are sentenced to death, their families are going to be the victim. Death penalty is going to bring the unhappiness to the murderers’ family and cause the family falls apart eventually. When one of the family members is executed, the rest are going to have tough life especially children. If the children don’t have their parents in their childhood, they are more likely to commit crime when they grow up. Based on the news that written by Steve Doughty, the incomplete family’s children more likely to fall into the society devious. This proves that the death penalty can cause negative effect on family. In addition, death penalty will also affect the country. Death penalty will give the country bad impression. A mentioned in introduction, death penalty is already existed in 18 th century. This law is old and not efficient to control the safety of country. Ins tead, government should use other law to substitute the death penalty. If the country can abolish the death penalty, it will give a good impression to the international community. That will cause the relationship between the country become better. When there is a country taking the lead to abolish the death penalty, the other countries in the international community will follow it. This will encourage the countries to have globalization within each other. Globalization is the process that the organization develop international influence such as international trade. Country can use the globalization to make its economy become better. It can use international trade to export the produced goods and services. This will increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the country’s economy. Death penalty is also costly to the government expenses. According to Chammah(2014), cost of capital punishment is increasing because the wage is increasing. The government needs to hire t he worker to in charge of the death penalty. This recruitment is not just hire one worker. Instead, government is going to hire a group of people. Therefore, this will cause the government expenses to increase. When the government needs to find more resources to cover the expense. It will either increase the tax or decrease the other expenses. Increasing taxes will increase the burden of taxpayer and decrease the other expanses will decrease the benefit such as unemployment benefit. Both of this method will decrease the economy. In some people’s perspective, death penalty should be remained because the murderers have no right to decide whether they are sentenced to death. Let’s think this in different view point. If one of the murderers is the family member, the perspective of death penalty will be different. The murderers’ family will appeal to the death penalty because it is too cruel to take away their lives. As the previous paragraph mentioned, everyone sh ould be treated as same and have equal right. Therefore, death penalty should be eliminated from law. In conclusion, I agree and totally support to abolishment of death penalty because death penalty is negatively affecting the family, society, economy, and country. It is also having the bad influence on morality and culture. In order to make the children and country’s future better, death penalty have to be eliminated. References Part I: History of the Death Penalty. (n.d.). Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/part-i-history-death-penalty NAACP Death Penalty Fact Sheet. (2017, January 18). Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http://www.naacp.org/latest/naacp-death-penalty-fact-sheet/ Bonner, R., States With No Death Penalty Share Lower Homicide Rates. Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/22/us/absence-executions-special-report-states-with-no-death-penalty-share-lower.html Doughty, S. (2008, October 21). B roken home children are ‘five times more likely to suffer mental troubles’ Broken home children are ‘five times more likely to suffer mental troubles’ . Retrieved February 7, 2017, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1079510/Children-broken-homes-times-likely-suffer-mental-troubles-says-Government-study.html Dieter, R.C. (1998). The Death of Penalty in America: Current Controversies . H. A. Bedau (Ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Employment law in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment law in UK - Essay Example The author has rightly presented that procedures of termination of employment in terms of poor performance vary from country to country, state to state around the globe. In the United States of America, it is very convenient for an employer to terminate the employee without taking into consideration any specific pre termination procedure. However, in the case of an expatriate employee who is on an assignment in the UK, the employer has to comply with the pre termination procedures irrespective of the fact that the pre termination procedures are in existence in the host country of an employee or not. In the UK believe that the relationship between the employer and the employee is always contractual in nature whether written contract between the employer and the employee exists or not. The other distinctive factor is that in the UK employer is bound to serve show cause to an employee as a first step of pre termination process. In the American law there is no concept of serving any noti ce to an employee before termination of employment. In England notice is a pre requisite of termination process. The employment of contract should contain the notice mutually agreed upon by the stakeholders of a contract employment. If contract of employment lacks notice period then the competent court of law comes forward to determine that period. Usually it should be at least one weak for each and every completed year of employment that culminates up to twelve weeks at a maximum. (Holland and Burnett, 2008). As per UK law, termination or dismissal of employment of an employee without any cogent reason and without serving any notice may attract penal action / damages claim against the employer. The damages claim depends on the length of service of an employee. If the period is longer the claim is bigger and if the tenure is shorter the claim would be shorter. Under the mentioned situation the employee should knock the door of the competent court of law to claim compensation (Taylor and Emir, 2009). Unfair Dismissal In England, if an employee performs satisfactorily the whole year he or she may have the statutory rights. It means that he or she cannot be dismissed or terminated. The burden of unfair dismissal lies on the shoulder of an employer. The deficiencies of an employee which may lead to his or her dismissal are a) incapable b) less qualified c) misconduct and d) breach of statute (Holland and Burn

Gangs and Gang Violence in Jersey City Research Paper

Gangs and Gang Violence in Jersey City - Research Paper Example Likewise, use of threats to, both members and non-members of the gangs is a normal phenomenon. Furthermore, gangs normally have at least one rival and that increases the potential of violence. Further researches indicate that gangs are unique and unified by their ability to propagate dread. Existence of any given gang group normally leads to the potential formation of another in order to protect the local community from the violent activities of the gangs. By so doing, there is a perpetual problem because of the reaction effect that comes with the existence of a gang in any particular locality. Poverty and unemployment are catalyst of for gang formation because the youths become a target by the police; and in retaliation, they organize themselves into gangs. The same adversarial concept explains the reason behind formation of different types of gangs, spread all over the world. Threats to any particular group catalysis the formation of a gang since the general feeling is that the grouping may is targeted hence the need to over self-protection. As a result of the formation, the group poses a challenge to both the members and non-members. Cohesions among different gangs are strengthened as the threat level increases because members feel the need for cohesion to enhance their ability to react when threatened. With that comes, the increased magnitude of violence. Violence in gangs normally arises from â€Å"contagion†. This refers to the poisoning of the mind of the gang members to the extent of believing in certain ideologies and retaliation once those ideologies are threatened. Once threatened by violence, a gang retaliates and the effect is spread violence in the area. Similarly, violence spreads the activities of a gang group from one area to another. The riding factors are: the any assault or violence directed to the gang, the retaliatory effects of the gang and the subsequent escalation of the violence to, previously, peaceful

Price Elasticity of Demand Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Price Elasticity of Demand - Term Paper Example When elasticity is greater than 1 the quantity demanded changes to a greater degree than the change in price. The demand curve aligns increasingly aligns itself to the x-axis in the case of near infinite elasticity, meaning that the quantity demanded is particularly responsive to changes in price. This case is also known as being perfectly elastic and is shown in the graph below: From this demand curve, it is evident that an extremely minute change in price would lead to an infinitely large change in quantity demanded. This scenario can be applied to perfectly competitive markets or luxury items. When elasticity is less than one the quantity demanded response insignificantly to changes in price. Increase the price would increase revenue, and vice versa. As the elasticity approaches 0, the demand curve becomes parallel to the y-axis. So the quantity demanded becomes more or less independent of price. This is known as being perfectly inelastic demand. Integration is the concept of supp ly chain management that origins from microeconomics. The basic idea is to partner or collaborate with all the stakeholders relevant to the production of goods and services offered by an organization. There are several ways of doing so; we will look at each in detail along with its advantages and disadvantages. In horizontal integration, an organization merges with its competitor(s) that produce similar products. Advantages - The basic advantage of horizontal integration is that it may provide economies of scale. Increased distribution capacity and market access are also possible, leading to greater market share. Disadvantage - the major disadvantage is that since horizontal Integration restricts competition it might lead to the creation of conglomerates or even monopolies. This, in turn, can be harmful to the interests of end-consumers.

Negotiations And Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negotiations And Business Strategy - Essay Example This will require the negotiator to prepare effectively before engaging into any negotiation (Van Heerden & Barter, 2008). During the preparation, the negotiator should learn the goals and objectives of the company for use in the negotiation. Preparation will also equip the negotiator with useful skills and tactics that are required during the negotiation. Negotiations are not competitions although they appear to be. An effective negotiator should utilize the negotiation meeting to discover the values, beliefs, and interests of their partners. This will help them improve their negotiation strategies and prepare for future negotiation meetings. A good negotiator should be proactive. This requires the negotiator to raise issues of contention, rather than supporting or criticizing their partner’s views. Been proactive enables the negotiator to develop opportunities and additional value for themselves and their organizations. A good negotiator should be in a position to separate p ersonal issues from negotiating issues. This is of particular importance since most failed negotiation result from mixing personal and business issues. Separating personal issues from negotiating issues enables the negotiator to overcome potential barriers that might affect the agreement (Van Heerden & Barter, 2008). ... Lastly, a good negotiator should have the capacity to close a deal. Closing a deal is the most significant aspect of negotiation. Your company is about to take a team into Beijing China to negotiate a 3-year supply contract. What should you know about advantages and disadvantages of negotiating terms of a contract in China? Cross-cultural negotiations require thorough groundwork on cultural disparities. In particular, when dealing with the Chinese community cross-cultural understanding becomes essential. It is a well-known fact that most negotiations fail not because of a common ground but because of ignorance and lack of cross-cultural understanding. Unlike Westerners, the Chinese consider themselves superior in many ways and therefore an effective negotiator should be concerned about cultural difference (Marin, Ruiz, & Rubio, 2009). Negotiating with the Chinese is advantageous and it enhances development of negotiation skills. Firstly, the Chinese are confident and they are not qui ck to sign contracts as westerners do. The team will acquire this essential negotiation skill. The second advantage of negotiating contracts in China is the two-phase negotiation process. In China negotiation are conducted through a technical and a commercial phase. The technical phase contains most of the terms of the contract and it usually comes before the commercial phase (Marin, Ruiz, & Rubio, 2009). The Chinese consider a contract to be a commercial document rather than a legal document. This is of particular importance since most negotiation fail to distinguish between commercial and legal aspects of negotiations. Lastly, the Chinese community has a centralized leadership system. This applies to most of their

Information Systems Management & Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information Systems Management & Quality - Essay Example This report and the involved case study incorporate computer and information technology plus their application into government projects. The main points of focus are the ability of computer systems to operate effectively when employed on relevant scenarios. The evident exposition here is the failure of the specified projects. Their failures have been attributed to by several issues ranging from technology to management and both. Moreover the National Audit Office has a number of stipulations in its desire for elimination of central government wastage or overspending and improvement of success rates of the projects (Liebowitz & Khosrowpour 2007). In the past, the government has succumbed significantly due to the consequences of unproductive plans that have been deficient of the ability to progress. Considering their progressions, it implies that the projects might have not been capable of delivering as per the expectations of their initial aims (Khosrowpour 2006). Similarly, the inabi lity to succeed might also lie on the projects tendency of accruing losses. In this case the latter is more significant for considerations since both of the selected case studies have the basic facet. The case studies selected for analysis are the independent learning accounts and the pathway. Comprehensively, the independent learning accounts incorporate a scenario that led to the loss of ?97 million whilst the pathway associated a loss of 1 billion Euros. In this instance, the citation convinces the logic of seeking an appropriate means of curbing the situation that might transpire into such losses both presently and in the future (Liebowitz & Khosrowpour 2007). The Independent Learning Accounts Let us assess the specific instances of the projects. First, the independent learning accounts and as a government project. This was the 2001 system offering adults ?150 for educational use was abandoned after fraudsters coined millions in fake applications. The independent learning accoun ts were a system designed to offer adults funds for educational reasons (Schwalbe 2010). In this case, the system failed when the fraudsters succeeded in compromising its effectiveness and obtain benefits from it leading to the government loss. However, this project was chosen since it involves the loss of money from external fraudsters who depends on their skills for malicious gains (NAO 2012). This is the main point for the projects preference since it outlines the major point of scenario that the fraudsters use currently in obtaining benefits they do not merit from genuine projects. This problem is rampant virtually in all situation organizations and by attaining its remedy would assist in resolving other related problems in other scenarios. Management Issues Concerning the management issues leading to the failure of projects, there was poor testing in the case of independent learning accounts project. It is imperative to understand that the project developers and the experts per form series of testing processes of the project (Khosrowpour 1999). The tests are aimed at determining the flaws and formulating technical means of curbing them. In this case technology is the main consideration and the security of a system is imperative for contemplation. According to Madeley (1991), security has to be tested in all perspectives because the system is conveyed via the network and usually users would try the effectiveness of the system as well as detection and blockage of security

Gem Infosys Incident-Response Policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gem Infosys Incident-Response Policy - Coursework Example The first is the initial evaluation/assesm1ent.This entails determining whether an incident exists or not so that appropriate response established. The second policies involve defining the communication channel that will be followed to inform the leaders that an incident has identified. The third policy is risk/damage minimization. This is where the risk of self-replicating warms may be minimized by making sure that the workstation is disconnected from the hub to prevent further replication of warms. The fourth policy involves determining the severity of the warms attack as well as exact point of origin where those warms are coming from so that they can be contained. The fifth policy entails protecting the other systems against the identified security threats to avoid further losses. System security against warms may be enhanced by installing firewalls as well as transmitting organization data via secured networks. The sixth policy involves system recovery. This is where; the data an d information that was damage through network breakdowns may be recovered using special software such as Acronis. The seventh policy involves assessing the cost and damages caused by the incident for proper responses. Lastly but is updating the policies on a regular basis so that they remain relevant to organization needs (Shimonski, 2003). In order to prevent future network breakdowns, Gem Infosys should carry out the following activities namely: reduce the number of systems severity, integrate the activities of Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT), damage control, and having a well-defined incident response plan. The Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT) should formulate and monitor the incident response plan.  

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final exam - Essay Example Socrates Socrates had taken a crucial role of caring for people’s souls in their life, and they had a conviction that the real persons are the souls; thus, through their arguments it is evident that a person’s soul is the center of their character (Richard and Elder, 1). Moreover, the Socrates argued that the souls is the basis through which people think, feel, set values and make decision; thus, it a significant determinant of a person’s foolishness of brilliance. One of the significant ideas that can be derived from their teachings and be applied in life is that people’s souls should be kept healthy like their bodies (Richard and Elder, 1). Furthermore, Socrates proposed that the souls can be kept healthy by not being ignorant in life. Besides, these philosophers suggested that people should take tasks in realizing their potential. Plato The teaching of this philosopher is focused on the concept of Absolute Goodness, whereby Plato portrayed high consciou sness in his profundity regarding the subject; thus, he had interest in discovering the Creator and Father of the universe, and an exploration of his operations (Wilder, 1). Nonetheless, he discovered that there was an impossibility of revealing this, but he considered justice, truth, and beauty to be element of the creator and father of the universe. On the other hand, Plato’s study has a high consideration of Good as a branch and concepts he introduced are highly applicable in people life through their soul in numerous ways (Wilder, 1). In fact, people experience them in their life, while others have been recognizing them as universal principles that are infinite and absolute (Wilder, 1). Nevertheless, they may seem to be hidden or abstract, but they are aroused, thereby enabling people to make a distinction between wrong from right. Therefore, knowledge acquired from Plato is substantial in understanding a person’s inner most being and their external world. Aristotl e Aristotle made a significant contribution to science and philosophy, and his contribution is beyond scope that can be exhibited by this paper; thus, an overview of this contribution indicate that Aristotle’s ideas has a direct association with reality and eternal forms, which are identified through reflection and purpose. He had real perception towards objects through experience; thus, a lot can be gathered from his teaching such as reality in perception towards organisms (Waggoner, 1). For instance, Aristotle offered an explanation of organisms in terms of their potential, matter, forms, and reality; in fact, he suggested that a block of marble matter determines the shape created by sculptor, just like the embryo had the ability to develop to a living plant or animal (Waggoner, 1). In addition, information acquired from the Aristotle’s teaching can be applied people to classify their way of life based in their actions and their roles. Augustine Some of the things le arnt from Augustine are the notion that people should see themselves in a little book as mirror. He

Writing and Communication Essay Example for Free

Writing and Communication Essay * What is the most common form of written communication in your workplace or in a workplace with which you are familiar? Is expository writing or technical writing the most common form of written communication in this workplace? Who is responsible for most of the technical writing in this workplace? I am working at an IT related firm. The most common form of communication in our organization is Mail and technical writing. Most of the time associates have to inform the managers for their updates, requirements, suggestions and grievances in form of Mail. Technical writing is also dominant in our organization as the products are technical. The technical writing responsibility is not shouldered by some individual. It depends upon the modules and team. Every team has someone to take care of technical writing as they work on different products and only the team members know better about that product. * What are some common issues you have seen with written communication in the workplace? One of the most difficult issues faced daily in our organization because of written communication is doubt clearance. It happens when we write a mail to some client or our team at different locations. If any doubt comes up, then it becomes very hard to solve it as further writing only adds to trouble. At last we have to go for voice communication which is costly. * How can an organization benefit from well-written communication? An organization can benefit very well if the written communication is effective. On of the biggest advantage of written communication is record of communication. In long term it benefits the organization. Because of written communication an organization can defend itself in case of any legal issue or problem. It also helps in having policies, rules and principles lay down properly and effectively. Also, in form of task assignment written communication appears to be handy. * How do written communication skills differ from verbal communication skills? What are the challenges a skilled verbal communicator might encounter when performing technical writing? Written communication skill differs very well from verbal skills. Written communication has to be more precise and to the point as it does not have any verbal expression to show the meaning hidden. In written communication one cannot come again to repeat or correct the sentence written in case it is perceived wrong by audiences, what we have in verbal communication. For a verbal communicator almost all its leverages become trouble in written communication. He has got to be precise and accurate. He/she will not be allowed to correct himself with facial expression. He cannot emphasize the sentence or dilute the meaning of a sentence with change in tone. In summary he has got to be precise and to the point.

Christianity and Narnia Essay Example for Free

Christianity and Narnia Essay Christianity is a religion that more than half of our world believes in. It is the belief that Jesus was the Son of God who saved humanity from sin. That Mary the redeemer said yes to God. Christianity is made up of many different parts. The Paschal Mystery which means the life, death and resurrection of Jesus, the Son of God is what sets Christianity apart from other religions. Christianity has many denominations, for example Mormons, Anglicans, Presbyterian. Christians believe that Jesus lived for humanity, died for humanity, and resurrected for humanity. Christ is percepted in many different ways; he is depicted as the Son of God who died for humans on the cross. Over one third of the world is Christians, but nearly 75% of the world celebrates traditions which only Christians believe in. An example of this would be Easter. Easter is when Jesus died for humans on the cross, but nowadays non-believers celebrate it and is treated as a public holiday. This shows how important Christianity is to humans, and also to the world. In the Bible, Jesus was first mentioned in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament. He was depicted as the son of God. Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign:  The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son,  and will call him Immanuel. ’Jesus’s name was not mentioned. Isaiah’s prophecy was then fulfilled in the gospel of Luke. ‘Was born of a virgin named Mary’ (Luke 1:26-31). Also Jesus had performed many great miracles. Jesus performed the changing of the water to win at the wedding at Cana. ‘7  Jesus said to the servants  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fill the jars with water†; so they filled them to the brim. 8  then he told them,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Now draw some out and take it to the master of the banquet. † This is the gospel of John 2:7-8. Christians believe Jesus was fully divine and human. Which was why when Jesus was nailed to the cross, the pain he felt was the pain humans would have felt as well. Jesus was crucified on the cross because it was the common way to die. Christians pray and sing hymns praising the Lord. They commonly sing the song ‘I say Yes’ This has the meaning of Mary saying yes to the angel Gabriel to be the mother of Jesus Christ. In the song it has the phrase ‘To the God who cannot die’. This is interpreted in the meaning that God will always be there. He is omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent. During church, before epiclesis when transubstantion has not yet occurred. The Memorial Acclamation is read to show what Jesus had given up before he was crucified and to show how important the epiclesis is. ‘To do this in the memory of him’. Every year in the month of May, Christians read the Angelus because it is the month of Mary. In the angelus, the Hail Mary is read. A verse in that passage is ‘Pray for us’. That Mary, our redeemer will continue to look over us as she had once done with Jesus. A perfect example of how Christians have continued to spread the word of God and believed is C.S Lewis. He had written a series of books which relate to the belief of Jesus. A quote he had once said was ‘I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen: not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else. ’This is a very strong quote because he had continued to live and carry out God’s mission. In the Catechism, CCC 600 it states ‘Lamb of God takes away the Sin of the world’ this is how the Roman Church interpreted Jesus and his teachings. The Lamb of God is Jesus because Jesus is commonly interpreted and depicted as a lamb. Through this Christians carry out acts which follow these teachings. This helps people understand how important Christianity is to the world. It shows what Christians believe and how they show this through their actions. There are many stories and movies which have been written to portray the life of Jesus and the belief of Christianity. One of the many is Narnia by C. S Lewis. This movie and book series stands out because it has many subtle and prominent links between Christianity and Narnia. C. S Lewis was inspired to write the Narnia book series after his ‘mental religious wars’. He converted from a protestant to an atheist then to a Christian (catholic) and is now known as one of the most inspirational theologists. C. S Lewis slipped in and added many subtle symbols. For example, during the scene when Susan and Peter went into the Professor’s study, the notebook on his table was in the shape of an apple. This symbolises Original Sin. The apple shows the relationship between God and Humanity. How evil had come into the world. Narnia is a story with 4 main characters Edmund, Susan, Lily and Peter. C. S Lewis used the characters of Susan and Lily as Eve, and Edmund and Peter as the Sons of Adam. When the children had first gone into the Land of Narnia, we are first introduced to them being as the sons and daughters of Eve and Adam. There are three types of sins in the world, Original Sin, Social Sin and Personal Sin. Social Sin is depicted in Narnia through the White Witch. Narnia is set in a land where it is winter. It is depicted as the season of winter because it symbolises dark and evil. Because of the White Which. In the shots where Aslan is present, the land of Narnia is spring. It is as if Narnia Is released and freed from evil. Personal Sin is depicted in Narnia through Edmund. Aslan, the lion performed many miracles in the series of Narnia. When the White Witch had frozen the thorns and people to stone, Aslan blew on them to unfreeze them. This is a very big miracle of him. Jesus had also performed many miracles in his lifetime. ,  6  After saying this, he spit  on the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the man’s eyes. 7  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Go,†Ã‚  he told him,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"wash in the Pool of Siloam†. So the man went and washed, and came home seeing. This is the gospel of John 9:6-7. Jesus too also performed strange and powerful miracles to help others. In the book Narnia, C.S Lewis quotes from Aslan as King ‘Aslan as everywhere’ to ‘He will be back’. C. S Lewis had many inspirations to write the book. One of the many was when his wife was cured of cancer but then later died. Despite her dying, he had continued on the write the books. In the book of Catechism, CCC 977, it says that Christ who died for our sin and rose for us so we may walk in the fullness of life. This is what the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church believes what Christ is and what human life is about. In CCC 1708, ‘by his Passion, Christ delivered us from Satan and from sin. He merited for us the new life in the Holy Spirit. His grace restores what sin had damaged in us. ’ These are what they Catholics believe what Christ did and how it affected humanity as a whole and how sin had damaged us. Christians can follow and learn about the life and times of Jesus Christ and the origins of Christianity through reading the books and watching the movies of Narnia. This is relevant to the religion Christianity because the book and film Narnia had incorporated many symbols to show Catholicism. This helps Christians understand their religion and how it had started.

breakdown class divisions in society

breakdown class divisions in society Give a brief description of the effects of changes to educational legislation since 1944. Explain how the changes reflected government education policies and identify current educational priorities. The purpose of this assignment is to summarise education legislation from 1944 to present day and relate this to changes in government policy. There were many changes in education from 1944 to the modern day National Curriculum that we use today. In 1944 The Education Act was introduced that made education available to everyone up to the age of fifteen. The Education Act is more commonly referred to as The Butler Act as it was founded by Richard Austen Butler (Rab Butler), a conservative politician. Butlers 1944 Education Act was an attempt to create the structure for the post-war British education system. The Butler act also introduced the tri-partite system of education. The tri-partite system tested children at the age of eleven (11 plus examination), and depending on their level of aptitude they would then attend a technical college, a secondary modern or a grammar school. The more academic students attended grammar schools, technically minded students attended technical colleges and the rest attended secondary moderns. The act also created a network of support services for schools to which included health care treatment, school transport and school meals for 5 15 year olds which were overseen by the newly created post of Minister of Education. The Labour Government when they came into power in 1965 decided to introduce Comprehensive Schooling education (Circular 10/65). Labour preferred this system of schooling over the Conservative Selective Method. They had three main aims: To save money and improve facilities. To breakdown class divisions in society with all sorts of pupils mixing in the same school. To raise the abilities of the majority of students who had been failing in secondary modern schools. At the next election in 1970, the new Conservative education minister Margaret Thatcher withdrew the Circular 10/65. The priority of the Conservative government was to smash the L.E.A. control over the local schools. The replacement Circular 10/70 allowed each authority to decide its own policy for secondary education. As a result of these changes education standards in secondary schools varied and the methods employed to teacher were wide -ranging. Primary schools remained largely unchanged and stable with the exception of the debate over the 11 plus examination. The Education Reform (ERA) in 1988 is one of the most influential changes to legislation that is still in place today, and this was the most important act since the Butler act in 1944. It was established by the Conservative Government and saw a number of key changes to the rules and regulations. The 1988 education act also introduced the National Curriculum. The National Curriculum was introduced to ensure that schools taught a certain range of subjects. The first National Curriculum consisted of ten subjects. These were divided into two categories. The three core subjects were English, Maths and Science, and together with seven other foundation subjects created the basis of the National Curriculum. Compulsory National tests (SATS) were introduced at 7, 11 and 14 on core subjects. The results are published annually in league tables (along with GCSE/A levels and truancy statistics). The 1988 act also allowed the building of City Technology Colleges. They were independent and not run by the LEAs. The governments new strategy introduced the new Local Management of Schools (LMS) policy which reduced the control over schools by letting them opt-out of L.E.A. control. The 1992, OFSTED (The Office for Standards in Education) was formed as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. OFSTED inspections were school inspections every 6 years. In 1997 The New Labour Government came into power, it was predicted that New Labour would reverse most of the changes implemented by the previous government but that never occurred. Instead they continued with the Conservatives initiatives and further developed them with the The Education Act 2002. This act introduced the foundation stage for primary nursery and reception year groups. The latest act to be implemented is the The Education and Inspection Bill 2006 which was passed in March 2006 by the Labour Government. The main areas of change in education are as follows: Foundation (Trust) Schools. School admissions policies to be changed to allow parents to select schools of their choice. Changes to the National Curriculum to include new diplomas to replace current A-Levels to be implemented by 2013. Changes to school travel to allow greater access to a variety of schools rather than local ones. School food and drink provided for children in education and childcare settings. The United Kingdom general election of 2010 was held on Thursday 6th May 2010. A coalition government was set up by the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats (The last coalition government was during World War 2). The immediate changes that took place were to rename and reshape The Department for Education DFE (Previously called Department for Children, Schools and Families DCFS). The government reverted the departments responsibilities back to education and childrens services only. The following day Rat Hon Michael Gove was confirmed as the new Secretary of State for Education. At present some policy changes decided by the previous government have been put on hold, reversed or abolished until the new government decides on its priorities. The future changes to the new primary national curriculum which were put forward by Sir Jim Rose to be implemented from September 2011 have been shelved, the government stating that it does not intend to proceed with the new primary curriculum. Instead they are committed to giving schools more freedom from unnecessary prescription and bureaucracy. They have always made clear their intention to make changes to the National Curriculum that will ensure a relentless focus on the basics and give teachers more flexibility than the proposed new primary curriculum offered. Another casualty includes Building Schools for the Future (BSF) project which is now canceled. Rt Hon Michael Gove said in the light of the public finances, it would have been irresponsible to carry on regardless with an inflexible and needlessly complex programme. The coalition has set out some of its new priorities since coming to power which include the expansion of academies throughout the education system in England. Academies are schools that are directly funded by central government and are independent of local government control. Rt Hon Michael Gove unveiled the governments new proposed Free Schools. Free Schools are all-ability state-funded schools set up in response to parental demand. These new schools will be academies, which are publicly funded independent schools, free from local authority control. They will enjoy the same freedoms as traditional academies, which include setting their own pay and conditions for staff, freedom from following the National Curriculum and the ability to change the lengths of their terms and school days. All Free Schools will be accountable like other state schools via inspections and tests. Under the new plans it will become much easier for charities, universities, businesses, educational groups, teachers and groups of parents to get involved and start new schools. Ministers are working right across Government to remove the red tape which can prevent new schools from setting up from planning laws, to the Departments own school premises rules. In my opinion, since the introduction of the 1944 Education Act, there have been some negative and positive points. For example the 1944 Butler act, after reflecting on it, you could clearly observe that it was typically biased towards to the middle / upper class families. Lower class families more often than not would end in secondary moderns achieving little or nothing. Having said this, the positive points outweighed the negative greatly as it was the start towards the National Curriculum that we have today. I believe that the 1988 Education reform act was the keystone to greatly improving the standards of education that children receive in todays society. This is because before the act, the standard of education students received was highly based on class status. Teachers also taught a range of subjects that they wished to teach as there were no set subjects so what you could be taught varied across the country. This led to many students leaving school with limited knowledge. Now, however, with the introduction of the National Curriculum, National Testing and OFSTED inspections and many other reforms after it, most students now leave school with a ample knowledge and understanding, as well as many transferable skills, such as the ability to analyse and discuss, which they can then take onto university or work and develop in the future. For the time being we will have to wait while the new government decides on its educational priorities until then we can speculate and wait. By Keith Lyons

Curves - Situation Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Situation Analysis: Client Analysis Curves International is a world-renowned women’s only fitness center, a pioneer in the â€Å"express workouts†. Curves target client base consists of all types of women; from the busy executive to the ultra busy soccer mom, and most importantly, Curves caters to women who overall want to be healthy. Curves makes exercise fun and beneficial for women regardless of fitness goals. Curves clients perceive it more than a â€Å"gym†, but as a support group and a social outing for some. It’s a place that for an hour a woman can feel good about herself and the goal she’s working towards. Customers like the â€Å"no frill†, â€Å"no hassle† workouts. It’s a place where women could feel comfortable. Curves offers a haven where women can feel comfortable to let their guard down and have a good sweat. Women are also drawn to Curves because Curves has strong brand equity. Their quality of service, revolutionary design to the â€Å"express workout† is number one in the women’s fitness industry. In today’s day and age, there are more women in the workforce, along with more working mothers, all which lead to a fast paced life style trying to juggle career, family, and home, which represent a very similar lifestyle for women in National City. The market for women’s fitness services and products has never been greater and continues to grow. Women represent 50.8% of the US population. National City has a population of 56,472, with 50% of the population being female. Of the ...

Do You Have A Voice :: essays research papers

Would you just stand by, as Nazis soldiers kidnapped your neighbors just because they were different? If you would, you have no voice and you need to develop one. Many people had neighbors who were taken away and killed by the Nazis. They just stood there, let it happen and did not utter a word. In the book, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by, Mark Twain, it shows the development of a young boy, and he does develop a voice. The main character, Huckleberry Finn, is a white, southern boy expected to believe in what everyone else believes in. He does not want to be like everyone else and he changes. If you develop, or have a voice, you can make a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the story, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck plays a trick on Jim. Jim is Huck’s runaway slave friend. So, as the story goes, Huck plays a trick on Jim and Jim thinks that Huck is dead. When Jim finally realizes that Huck is not dead, he gets really angry at Huck. Jim says, “ Dat truck dah is trash; en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de head er dey fren’s em makes ‘em ashamed.'; That line, from the story, is basically saying that Huck is trash for doing that to Jim. Then fifteen minutes later Huck goes into Jim’s wigwam and apologizes. This is showing that Huck does have a voice because any other white person from the south would not apologize to a slave. The slaves were thought of as being lower than any white person and Huck was showing that a slave as equal to him or even better than him because he went and apologized to Jim. By doing this Huck was different and developed a voice because if he had no voice he wou ld have gotten angry with Jim for calling him trash and Huck would not have apologized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article, that accompanied my writing assignment, is about a man named Elie Wiesel. Wiesel is a Holocaust survivor, he is an author, has won the Noble Peace Prize, and most important of all, Wiesel has a voice. Egil Aarvik, chairman of the Norwegian Noble Committee, said, “Wiesel’s mission is not to gain the world’s sympathy for the victims or the survivors. His aim is to awaken our conscience.'; With Wiesel’s focus on getting us to realize what happened during the Holocaust, he has made a voice for himself.

Advocating Change for the American Poor :: Poverty Poor Society Essays

Advocating Change for the American Poor In his review of Leon Dash’s book, Rosa Lee, Dan Cutler feels that the protagonist, Rosa Lee Cunningham, is doomed to a life of poverty because she does not believe she has any chance of success. He says that she had â€Å"little faith in the achievement ideology,† which made her feel that she was the â€Å"victim of hopeless circumstances† (Cutler). His understanding of the area Cunningham lives in is accurate, however, as a member of America’s underclass, Cunningham cannot waste time aspiring to become middle class, she must spend her time surviving. The problem facing members of the underclass is that there are no options for them to become upwardly mobile. An overwhelming majority of these downtrodden people are doomed to lives at or below the poverty level from the moment they are born into the ghetto. Trying to instill the â€Å"achievement ideology,† in people like Cunningham, so they do â€Å"not believe they are caught in a closed syst em† will not work, as Cutler asserts it will. What we must do for members of the underclass to rise in the economic ranks is to include them in the system, for the system is closed to them. For this to happen the United States government must take an active role in changing the it deals with the poorest members of society. The most economically successful country in the world has the power and money to change the structure of inner city economies. To do this we must re-evaluate our methods, and must stop blaming and punishing a group of underprivileged people who have no opportunity for their lack of opportunity. For example, the war on drugs does not stop drug use, it makes it worse. Imprisoning Blacks only furthers the division and chaos that is rampant among underclass families, who in turn, resort to more drug use to escape their dismal existence. Moreover, large corporations should not be allowed to abuse the underclass labor force, most of whom have no alternatives than to work for any wage, minimum or otherwise. Many corporations steal labor from poor workers, but it is the underclass who are punished when they steal. However inappropriate our actions in dealing with the underclass are we continue to believe them, thus people are imprisoned for stealing food or clothes, even though they neve r had an alternative. Advocating Change for the American Poor :: Poverty Poor Society Essays Advocating Change for the American Poor In his review of Leon Dash’s book, Rosa Lee, Dan Cutler feels that the protagonist, Rosa Lee Cunningham, is doomed to a life of poverty because she does not believe she has any chance of success. He says that she had â€Å"little faith in the achievement ideology,† which made her feel that she was the â€Å"victim of hopeless circumstances† (Cutler). His understanding of the area Cunningham lives in is accurate, however, as a member of America’s underclass, Cunningham cannot waste time aspiring to become middle class, she must spend her time surviving. The problem facing members of the underclass is that there are no options for them to become upwardly mobile. An overwhelming majority of these downtrodden people are doomed to lives at or below the poverty level from the moment they are born into the ghetto. Trying to instill the â€Å"achievement ideology,† in people like Cunningham, so they do â€Å"not believe they are caught in a closed syst em† will not work, as Cutler asserts it will. What we must do for members of the underclass to rise in the economic ranks is to include them in the system, for the system is closed to them. For this to happen the United States government must take an active role in changing the it deals with the poorest members of society. The most economically successful country in the world has the power and money to change the structure of inner city economies. To do this we must re-evaluate our methods, and must stop blaming and punishing a group of underprivileged people who have no opportunity for their lack of opportunity. For example, the war on drugs does not stop drug use, it makes it worse. Imprisoning Blacks only furthers the division and chaos that is rampant among underclass families, who in turn, resort to more drug use to escape their dismal existence. Moreover, large corporations should not be allowed to abuse the underclass labor force, most of whom have no alternatives than to work for any wage, minimum or otherwise. Many corporations steal labor from poor workers, but it is the underclass who are punished when they steal. However inappropriate our actions in dealing with the underclass are we continue to believe them, thus people are imprisoned for stealing food or clothes, even though they neve r had an alternative.

Foods Fantastic Company Essay

Foods Fantastic Company’s IT processing is very complex and sophisticated, therefore according to the SAS 109’s risk assessment procedures and SOX Section 404 Management Assessment of Internal Controls, an IT General Control review is required. The purpose of an ITGC review is to provide the foundation for reliance on any financial information Foods Fantastic Company produce. Although an ITGC review does not directly result in misstated financial statements or material control weaknesses, it can indirectly cause  application control deficiencies, and affect the financial auditor in assessing the risk of material misstatement in FFC’s financial statements. For the risk assessment my team performed at Foods Fantastic, first, we wrote down some questions and concerns for each ITGC area. Then, we looked at the company’s organization chart and had a meeting with the head of each department, and took notes from the meetings. We also observed the audit team. Af ter that we wrote down the strengths and weaknesses, and decide the level of risk assessment for each area. First of all, in the area of IT Management, the risk assessment is medium. They have a strategic plan, which is a strength, because a strategic plan will help FFC to meet its business goals by outlining the objectives and strategies for the information system group. In addition, FFC has an IT steering committee, which is also a strength, because the committee develops and revises IT and security policies, and reviews the operations of the IT department. However, there are a couple of weaknesses in the area of IT Management. For instance, their Chief Information Office only reports to their Chief Financial Officer. According to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer are requires to include an assessment of the operating effectiveness of their internal control structure over financial reporting when issuing the annual report. In addition, the Vice President of Applications, Vice President of Operations, Vice President of Information Security, and Vice President of Database Administration reports only to Chief Information Officer Second, there are quite a few strengths in their Systems Development area, they design, develop, and implement systems in a logical fashion, which all the duties ar e segregated. In addition, the organization consider internal controls as an integral part of systems design, and the IT personnel adequately tested the new bio-coding payment system prior to its implementation, so we determined the risk assessment in this area is low. However, FFC’s Internal Audit Department is involved as a voting member of the project teams. Internal audit performs post-implementation reviews on all projects over $2 million. Internal Audit should be independent, and should not be involved in the project ream. Third, the risk assessment in the area of Data Security is high. Although they have high control on the physical access to their data center computer room, but they have low control on the logical access. In order to control  the physical access, FFC’s computer room within its data center is locked at all times. All outsiders must first contact the data center manager in order to enter the computer room. Each must bring an official picture ID, sign a visitors’ log, and be escorted at all times by data center personnel during the visit. They also have environmental control in the computer room and are tested semi-annually. However, the Human Resources Department only forward the Transfers and Terminations report each month, and not immediately after the employee is transferred or terminated. The security policy is not current and was revised in 2005. The system generates a logical access violation report daily, but the company police only requires the Vice President of Information System to review the unauthorized system access report once a month. Finally, the risk assessment in Change Management area is low, but the risk management in the Business Continuity Planning area is high. Although they have no incidents occurred that required them to recover their systems, a company should always have a business continuity plan. They did not document any business continuity or disaster recovery plan, nor they did test the backup tapes during the past years, which they have no intention to test the tapes in the future. FFC backs up all of the data daily, but only store them once a week at a company-owned offsite location. They should store the data daily. Overall, I set FFC’s assessed level of ITGC risk as high because of their data security and business continuity planning. Data is the most important elements of an organization. Without data, the organization will not be able to operate. The fact that FFC does not have a business continuity plan because they believe that is cost prohibitive for an organization of its size is wrong. Every organization should have a business continuity plan in case there is a natural disaster. In addition, FFC should do a better job in control of logical access because hacker don’t necessary have to gain access to the organization’s data physically.

Easter Rising 1916

There can be no doubt that the response of the British government to the Rising contributed measurably to the further alienation of Irish public opinion. On 26th April 1916, it had introduced martial law and next day appointed Major-General Sir John Maxwell as Commander-in-Chief of troops, Ireland. He had full authority to restore order, put down the rebellion, and punished its participants. Maxwell never doubted that its leaders should be court-martialled and those most prominent executed.General Maxwell was also determined that, in order to crush militant nationalism, those who had surrendered with them, and their suspected supporters, should be arrested and their arms seized in a nationwide sweep by soldiers, supported by police. General Maxwell quickly signalled his intention â€Å"to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners†(1), including â€Å"those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion†(2), reflecting the popular belief that Sinn Fein, a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind the Rising.In total, the security forces arrested 3,430 men and 79 women and of these 1,841 were sent to England and interned there. Meanwhile, those thought to have organised the insurrection had been held back in Ireland for trial 190 men and 1 woman named Countess Markievicz. In 90 cases the court’s verdict was ‘Death by being shot’. All signatories of the proclamation were executed. The executions started on May 3rd in Kilmainham Jail with the execution of Patrick Pearse was the first to be singled out for execution, he was not allowed to see his mother or brother before his execution, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas Clarke .The second day is the executions of William Pearse brother of Patrick Pearse, Edward Daly, Michael O'Hanrahan, and Joseph Plunkett whom married Grace Gifford in the prison chapel hours before his execution. On the following day John McBride was executed alone refused to be blindfolded before his execution. Then on May 8th Eamonn Ceannt,  Michael Mallin,  Sean Heuston  and  Conn Colbert were executed. On the last day of execution May 12th Sean MacDiarmada and James Connolly who is tied to a chair due to his broken ankle were executed. Sir Roger Casement was tried in London for high treason and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 3 August.In addition to the 15 executed, 97 others of those tried by court-martial were sentenced to death. Alarmed by the shift taking place in public opinion in Ireland and by the outrage expressed in the House of Commons by members of the Irish Parliament Party, most notably Lawrence Ginnel and John Dillion, Prime Minister Asquith travelled to Dublin on 12 May the day where James Connolly and Sean MacDiarmada were executed, in spite of a telegram from Asquith to General Maxwell saying that there were to be no further executions except under special and exceptional circumstances.Maxwell, presumably, c onsidered that MacDiarmada and Connolly had played such leading roles that they could not be reprieved. There were no further executions, the sentences of the other 97 being commuted to terms of imprisonment. The predictable effect of these measures was to increase public sympathy, both for the rebels and their goals. During May, the police authorities noted even amongst moderate nationalists a growing ‘wave of resentment,’ prompted by the feeling that ‘unnecessary severity had been deployed’.Symptoms of the change in attitudes included the following: the increasing frequency of memorial masses for the executed rebels; the growing sales of photographs of them; the setting up of aid funds for their families; the appearance of songs and ballads celebrating their actions; the ubiquity of republican flags and badges; the sight of young men marching military style at Gaelic football matches, and the shouting of rebel slogans anywhere people gathered anonymously together, such as at railway stations.Moreover, there were ominous signs that militant nationalists were reorganising, reflected in a rise in arms thefts and hardening of attitudes towards the police. The release of many who had been interned after the Rising – far from earning public gratitude – fuelled resentment, as it was seen as providing evidence that the arrests had been made ‘without just cause’. Already in mid-June 1916, Maxwell predicted that in a General Election the moderate nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party would probably be replaced.He was right; in December 1918, it was swept aside by Sinn Fein. Some survivors of the Rising went on to become leaders of the independent Irish state and those who died were venerated by many as martyrs. Their graves in the former military prison of Arbour Hill in Dublin became a national monument and the text of the Proclamation was taught in schools. ‘I and my fellow signatories believe we have struck the first successful blow for Irish freedom. The next blow, which we have no doubt Ireland will strike, will win through. In this belief, we die happy. ‘

Queen Elizabeth Ra Speech

Queen Elizabeth Rhetorical Analysis Essay Queen Elizabeth’s purpose with her speech is to help boost morale and show her support for the troops. She achieves this by speaking with such tenacity and by appealing to her soldier’s sense of nationalism. Elizabeth says she’s willing to lay down her life for the country she loves, as the men in front of her are about to do. Through this statement she is able to establish a connection with the troops, an example of Pathos, as she appeals to their love for England.The reason for this is to show the troops that she respects each one of them for the price they may have to pay for such a noble sacrifice. At the end of the speech she calls her enemies the enemies of God, England, and her people, and uses the word my in front of all three examples. The use of â€Å"my† shows that she takes ownership of these things and, as all good owners should do, shows that she plans to protect these things. Another way Elizabeth co nnects to her troops is by offering them monetary rewards for their actions.She also says that they are guaranteed by the word of prince, because in this time period, men were superior to women. Although she is Queen and it matters little that she’s a woman, the use of â€Å"prince† is highly significant because she basically refers to herself as equal to a man. This makes her men see her equal and respect her even more. Queen Elizabeth uses these ways to connect to her troops in order for them to be able to fight well in the upcoming battle.

Edsa Revolution Essay

Good day tourists! I’m ziel your tour guide for today and now where going to explore and see the beauty of the â€Å"resort province of the Philippines† welcome to LAGUNA!!! The Province of Laguna, which was formerly called La Laguna, was named after Laguna de Bay, the body of water that forms its northern boundary. Laguna de Bay, in turn, was named after the town of Bay (Laguna de Bay is Spanish which means â€Å"Lake of Bay†), the first provincial capital. Laguna (Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Laguna), is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal, the country’s national hero. There’s a lot of famous attractions like , the hot spring resorts of Los Baà ±os and Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling, Pila historic town plaza, Taytay Falls in Majayjay, the Hidden Valley Springs in Calauan and of course the most famous waterfalls in the philiphines PAGSANJAN FALLS!! The main falls is actually located within the boundaries of Cavinti, Laguna but access by boat originates from the town of Pagsanjan. A move by the ruling body of the town of Cavinti was submitted to the Sangguniang Bayan. Pagsanjan Falls is probably the most famous natural attraction in Laguna. However, it is actually located in Cavinti, an adjacent town to Pagsanjan, and the falls’ indigenous name is Magdapio Falls. Pagsanjan, Laguna is the jump-off point to Pagsanjan Falls. You may rent a banca or small boat to take you to the falls or â€Å"shoot the rapids.† The standard rate is about PhP 800-1000 pesos per person which includes the round-trip boat ride, entrance fees, and use of life vests. Be prepared to shell out extra for tips to boatmen; although there is a standard rate for the boat ride, you are expected to give extra tip to the boatmen, about PhP 200 per person (according to tourists who already went there). Skilled and accredited boatmen will take you on a scenic boat ride at Magdapio River in order to reach the main falls, the famous Pagsanjan Falls. They used to be wooden bancas, but nowadays, the boats are made of fiberglass. On the way, you will be treated to the sight of other minor falls (approximately 20 of them), lush vegetation, and natural rock formations. Some say that monkeys occassionally appear and they throw branches or rocks to people, so you better wear a helmet just in case. Once you reach the main falls, you can take a raft ride through the falls and get a natural â€Å"back massage.† You can also explore the Devil’s Cave behind the falls, famous for its reverberating echoes. For the raft ride, you have to pay an extra PhP 90 and tip the boatmen. The highlight of this trip is the rapid descent downstream or what is known as â€Å"shooting the rapids'†. Be prepared for the thrill of a lifetime as the expert boatmen manuever the boat skillfully through turbulent waters. It is interesting to know that a boatman is required to undergo a rigid six-month training in order to acquire a license/accreditation for guiding tourists on the ride to the falls. Bangkero is a Tagalog term given to those whose job provides a means of transportation on the river using a â€Å"bangka† (boat). The â€Å"Pagsanjan Bangkero Festival† is held every first week of March and it features exciting events on water and land like the â€Å"palarong bangkero† (fluvial parade and exhibitions), street dancing, drum and lyre band competition, chorale fest, cultural night, trade fair, sports events among others. The ‘Pagsanjan Bangkero Festival’ is inspired by and dedicated to all the bangkeros (boatmen) in Pagsanjan.. These boatmen impress one with his skill and dexterity in maneuvering his boat upstream â€Å"against wild rapids and amids a pristine panorama of lush, virgin forest.† Aside from its amazing tourist’s destinations, Laguna is also known for its delicacies and appetizing food products. Almost every town has its own particular product with its distinct taste that is mainly raised in the town. Here is a list of the delicacies to look for when you happen to pass by or visit Laguna. Buko pie is a famous delicacy of Los Baà ±os town in Laguna province. Mer-Nel’s chocolate cake is the favorite cake in Los Baà ±os, Laguna. The cake is moist and light, while the icing is sweet chocolate with a hint of milk. Kesong puti or white cheese is widely produced in Santa Cruz, Laguna, and the town of its origin. Monay is widely available in local bakeries but the monay in Bay, Laguna is deliciously different. Espasol (rice pudding) is a native Filipino sweet treat made from rice flour and coconut strips cooked in coconut milk. The cooked pudding is shaped into cylinders and then rolled into toasted rice flour. It is believed that espasol originated from Laguna, Philippines. Uraro or arrowroot cookies are popular in Laguna province. These cookies are delicate and powdery, and feel dry on the mouth like puto seko (although puto seko is much drier). Usually, uraro is shaped into flowers and wrapped in a thin paper called â€Å"papel de hapon.† Bibingka. There are are many versions of bibingka in the Philippines but when you are in Laguna, the bibingka of Pagsanjan is the must-try delicacy. Just like the adobo which has many versions, there are many variants of bibingka (or rice cake) in the Philippines. But when you are in Laguna, the bibingka of Pagsanjan is the must-try delicacy. The typical ingredients of bibingka are rice flour, coconut milk and eggs usually topped with grated coconut, salted egg or white cheese. But Pagsanjan’s bibingka does not have any of these toppings at all; it may look simple but it really tastes delicious as it is. The traditional way of cooking bibingka is rather interesting. Instead of the typical gas or electric oven, a clay pot is used; banana leaves are used to line the clay pot and hot coals are put below and on top of the clay pot in order to cook the bibingka batter. So what are you waiting for? Visit Laguna and try these delicious and mouth-watering foods that you’ll surely love.

The Stranger from Albrt Camus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Stranger from Albrt Camus - Essay Example Firstly, there was no ethical compulsion on Meursault to kill that unknown person without any cause. In businesses, some companies often produce some unethical moves especially against their cutthroat competitors. Those tactics might not have any legal consequence but they are unethical nevertheless. Secondly, businesses do not believe in humanity or feelings for humanity. They carry out their businesses only to maximize the wealth of owners regardless of humanity being suffered simultaneously. In exactly the same way, the act of Meursault on her mother’s funeral demonstrates the lack of feelings for humanity. The relationship of Meursault has been quite absurd such that there is a justification or rational of doing any particular conduct. Even killing a person should have any particular reason. This shows that Meursault did not believe in existentialism as he thought that a human life does not have any purpose for existence. The existence of human is not necessary according to Meursault and he better thought of getting rid of the person by killing him, showing an absurd state of

APEC impact on China's economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

APEC impact on China's economy - Essay Example ipation in APEC meetings, China wants to demonstrate its desire for maintaining the regional economic stability that can bring prosperity to the member countries of Asia Pacific region. The resistance to the temptation of Yuan devaluation and announcement of tariff rates reduction by Chinese government at a meeting of APEC in Osaka has confirmed this. Through this action, China perceives the opportunity to deal with United States by joining hands with East Asian countries, which are also members of APEC.(Yang & Huang 70) As APEC was the first international economic conference to member nations, under the Chinese leadership of president Xi Jinping, China has used this platform in an efficient manner, in the direction of seeking bigger economic role, globally. This combined with the fact that Chinese economy is the world second largest gives the required advantage to China for countering US economic domination. In this direction, China has announced the established of US Dollar forty million fund for improving the trade and economic links among Asia-Pacific countries. The emerging image of China being the top trading partner of South Asian countries from South Korea to Australia would definitely help in the erosion of American influence on these countries. (McDonald & Lee) Earlier APEC could not prove to be result-oriented for the members, as it failed to improve the economic relations among the Asia-Pacific nations in a substantial manner. However, when China hosted the APEC conference, it made clear to the member nations that the country was prepared to share the fruits of its economic development with neighbors in the region. For ensuring that APEC remained a successful platform to deliver the results. China made many announcements, which include the commitment from China to donate ten million US Dollars towards supporting the capacity building and institutional activities of APEC, apart from establishment of Silk Road fund for undertaking the infrastructure

Discuess the statement about the pricing, valuation and sensitivities Essay

Discuess the statement about the pricing, valuation and sensitivities of Credit default Swaps Spreads by presenting a critical r - Essay Example Secondly, it presents a review of sensitivities and spillover effects on CDS spreads from bond, equity and options markets. Under this, the market that has the greatest influence is identified after considering statistical evidence from various sources. Finally, the report reviews credit default swaps in the context of monitoring sovereign risks in both developed and emerging market economies. This seeks to demonstrate how credit default spreads behave in tranquil and volatile market environments. In addition, the importance of CDS market development in emerging economies is also highlighted in this report. 2.0 Background Credit default spreads (CDS) are recent innovation in the management of credit risks. They have gained popularity in the management of both single name and sovereign debt risks. The market is valued based on information from related underlying equity, bond and their options markets. However, various challenges have been experienced when dealing with CDS markets. The se challenges include pricing of CDS spreads, lack of exchanges for trading credit derivatives, manipulation of accounting information, among others. Pricing of the CDS spreads is not an easy task. Though various models have been put forward by many researchers, there is no universally accepted method of computing the price of CDS. Another challenge is the lack of exchanges for trading credit derivatives. CDS quotes are therefore obtained over the counter (OTC) and may not be reliable for estimating the CDS spreads. Spillover effects from the bond, equity, and options markets also affect the CDS spreads. The extent to which these markets impacts on the CDS spreads is not clearly known despite the various statistical methods posted by different researchers. Some suggested that equity markets have the greatest spillover effects on the CDS spreads while others argued that options market are the major contributors. Credit default swaps have been fully taken up in the developed economies while the emerging economies are still struggling to catch up. The way in which CDS behaves in tranquil and volatile market environments has sparked serious research. Many questions concerning CDS markets and their importance in the emerging economies have been raised by various researchers. How are sovereign risks managed by these economies? The application CDS in managing risks is a new innovation that requires further research. 3.0 Credit Default Swaps 3.1 Determination of the price of a single name CDS security. Many approaches of determining CDS spreads have been put forward by various researchers. One commonly used approach for pricing a derivative is by finding a portfolio of assets whose returns matches that of the derivative replicated. Duffie & Singleton (2003) and Lando (2004) suggested such portfolios in their research. This strategy may not work in a situation where similar replicating instruments needed for replicating the portfolio are not issued by the issuer whose CDS’s are being replicated. In addition, what happens to the replicating portfolio when the CDS contract ends after a credit event? Another approach of pricing CDS spreads is to determine the value of spread which equates the net present value of the expected value of the coupon to the net present value of the expected value of the payoff. Hull & White (2001) used this approach to formally derive the pricing formula. They assumed that interest rates, recovery rates and default